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United Grade 12 AP Environmental Science

अध्याय: 9

1. The Living World: Ecosystems

Introduction to ecosystems · Terrestrial biomes · Aquatic biomes · The carbon cycle · The nitrogen cycle · The phosphorus cycle · The hydrologic (water) cycle · Primary productivity · Trophic levels · Energy flow and the 10% rule · Food chains and food webs

2. The Living World: Biodiversity

Introduction to biodiversity · Ecosystem services · Island biogeography · Ecological tolerance · Natural disruptions to ecosystems · Adaptations · Ecological succession

3. Populations

Generalist and specialist species · K-selected and r-selected species · Survivorship curves · Carrying capacity · Population growth and resource availability · Age structure diagrams · Total fertility rate · Human population dynamics · Demographic transition

4. Earth Systems and Resources

Plate tectonics · Soil formation and erosion · Soil composition and properties · Earth's atmosphere · Global wind patterns · Watersheds · Solar radiation and seasons · Earth's geography and climate · El Nino and La Nina

5. Land and Water Use

The tragedy of the commons · Clearcutting · The Green Revolution · Impacts of agricultural practices · Irrigation methods · Pest control methods · Meat production methods · Impacts of overfishing · Impacts of mining · Impacts of urbanization · Ecological footprints · Introduction to sustainability · Methods to reduce urban runoff · Integrated pest management · Sustainable agriculture · Aquaculture · Sustainable forestry

6. Energy Resources and Consumption

Renewable and nonrenewable resources · Global energy consumption · Fuel types and uses · Distribution of natural energy resources · Fossil fuels · Nuclear power · Energy from biomass · Solar energy · Hydroelectric power · Geothermal energy · Hydrogen fuel cells · Wind energy · Energy conservation

7. Atmospheric Pollution

Introduction to air pollution · Photochemical smog · Thermal inversion · Atmospheric CO2 and particulates · Indoor air pollutants · Reduction of air pollutants · Acid rain · Noise pollution

8. Aquatic and Terrestrial Pollution

Sources of pollution · Human impacts on ecosystems · Endocrine disruptors · Human impacts on wetlands and mangroves · Eutrophication · Thermal pollution · Persistent organic pollutants · Bioaccumulation and biomagnification · Solid waste disposal · Waste reduction methods · Sewage treatment · Lethal dose 50% (LD50) · Dose-response curve · Pollution and human health · Pathogens and infectious diseases

9. Global Change

Stratospheric ozone depletion · Reducing ozone depletion · The greenhouse effect · Increases in greenhouse gases · Global climate change · Ocean warming · Ocean acidification · Invasive species · Endangered species · Human impacts on biodiversity