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United Grade 12 AP Macroeconomics

अध्याय: 6

1. Basic Economic Concepts

Scarcity · Opportunity Cost and the Production Possibilities Curve (PPC) · Comparative Advantage and Gains from Trade · Demand · Supply · Market Equilibrium, Disequilibrium, and Changes in Equilibrium

2. Economic Indicators and the Business Cycle

The Circular Flow and GDP · Limitations of GDP · Unemployment · Price Indices and Inflation · Costs of Inflation · Real v. Nominal GDP · Business Cycles

3. National Income and Price Determination

Aggregate Demand (AD) · Multipliers · Short-Run Aggregate Supply (SRAS) · Long-Run Aggregate Supply (LRAS) · Equilibrium in the Aggregate Demand- Aggregate Supply (AD-AS) Model · Changes in the AD-AS Model in the Short Run · Long-Run Self-Adjustment · Fiscal Policy · Automatic Stabilizers

4. Financial Sector

Financial Assets · Nominal v. Real Interest Rates · Definition, Measurement, and Functions of Money · Banking and the Expansion of the Money Supply · The Money Market · Monetary Policy · The Loanable Funds Market

5. Long-Run Consequences of Stabilization Policies

Fiscal and Monetary Policy Actions in the Short Run · The Phillips Curve · Money Growth and Inflation · Government Deficits and the National Debt · Crowding Out · Economic Growth · Public Policy and Economic Growth

6. Open Economy: International Trade and Finance

Balance of Payments Accounts · Exchange Rates · The Foreign Exchange Market · Effect of Changes in Policies and Economic Conditions on the Foreign Exchange Market · Changes in the Foreign Exchange Market and Net Exports · Real Interest Rates and International Capital Flows