Romania Clasa a IX-a Technological track: vocational domains (list)

Chapters: 19

1. Agriculture

Agricultural and livestock machinery · Economics of farm units

Agricultural Machinery: How Machines Prepare, Sow, Protect and Harvest – Agricultural machines do farm work faster, more evenly and with less hard labour. The tractor is the power unit; implements are attached for each job: ploughs and harrows prepare soil, drills and planters sow, sprayers and drones protect crops, combines harvest. Choices depend on farm size, soil, crop, cost and environment, and safe use saves lives.

2. Industrial chemistry

Raw materials in the chemical industry · Mechanical and hydrodynamic unit operations

Industrial Chemistry: How a Chemical Plant Works – A chemical plant turns cheap raw materials into useful products. It prepares the raw materials, reacts them in a reactor under chosen conditions, separates the product and sends unused material back (recycling). Engineers balance speed, yield, cost, safety and the environment.

3. Commerce

Introduction to accounting · Economics of the firm · Fundamentals of quality

Introduction to Accounting – Accounting is the language of business. It identifies money events, records them, classifies and summarises them, and then gives the results to the people who need them — owners, managers, banks, investors and the government.
Economics Basics: How People, Firms and the State Choose – Economics is the science of how people, firms and governments use limited resources to meet unlimited wants. Needs are met by goods and services (free vs economic goods, consumer vs capital goods, private vs public goods). Because of scarcity, every society answers What, How and For whom to produce. Three economic agents act: households (work, consume, save), firms (produce and sell to earn profit = revenue − cost) and the state (rules, taxes, public services). Economics uses methods like observation, models and statistics; it splits into microeconomics (one household, firm, market) and macroeconomics (whole economy: GDP, unemployment, inflation, cycles). Social goals include growth, full employment, stable prices, fair income sharing and sustainability.
Quality Management in Business – Quality means a product or service is fit for purpose and meets what customers expect. Firms manage quality by checking finished goods (quality control), by building checks into every stage (quality assurance), and by making every worker responsible for small, constant improvements (TQM and kaizen). Good quality raises sales and reputation and cuts waste, but it costs money and training.

4. Construction, installations and public works

Construction and construction materials · Installations and installation materials

Construction Materials: From Raw Material to Concrete – Buildings, roads and bridges are made from raw materials such as rock, sand, gravel, clay and water. We sample and test them, crush and grind them, sort them by size with sieves, store them, then dose and mix them in exact amounts. Cement and water form a glue that sets hard, so the water-cement ratio controls the strength. Good site habits save material and keep workers safe.
Building Services – Building services are the systems that make a building safe and comfortable: water supply, drainage and sanitation, heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC), electrical and communication wiring, fire protection and lifts. Each uses simple physics: water pressure p = ρgh, slopes for drainage, heat pumping for AC, and energy = power × time for saving electricity. Each also uses the right materials, such as PVC, copper and PPR pipes and insulated copper cables.

5. Economics

Introduction to accounting · Economics of the firm · Fundamentals of quality

Introduction to Accounting – Accounting is the language of business. It identifies money events, records them, classifies and summarises them, and then gives the results to the people who need them — owners, managers, banks, investors and the government.
Economics Basics: How People, Firms and the State Choose – Economics is the science of how people, firms and governments use limited resources to meet unlimited wants. Needs are met by goods and services (free vs economic goods, consumer vs capital goods, private vs public goods). Because of scarcity, every society answers What, How and For whom to produce. Three economic agents act: households (work, consume, save), firms (produce and sell to earn profit = revenue − cost) and the state (rules, taxes, public services). Economics uses methods like observation, models and statistics; it splits into microeconomics (one household, firm, market) and macroeconomics (whole economy: GDP, unemployment, inflation, cycles). Social goals include growth, full employment, stable prices, fair income sharing and sustainability.
Quality Management in Business – Quality means a product or service is fit for purpose and meets what customers expect. Firms manage quality by checking finished goods (quality control), by building checks into every stage (quality assurance), and by making every worker responsible for small, constant improvements (TQM and kaizen). Good quality raises sales and reputation and cuts waste, but it costs money and training.

6. Electrical

General technologies in electrical engineering · Components of electrical equipment · DC electrical measurements

Technical Drawing: Communicating Design Ideas – Technical drawing is a shared visual language for showing the exact shape and size of an object. Designers start with freehand sketches, then use pictorial views (isometric, oblique) to show the object in 3D, and orthographic projection (front, top and side views) with standard lines, dimensions in millimetres and a scale so that anyone can make it. Today most drawings are made with CAD software.
Electric Current, Potential Difference and Electric Circuits – Electric current is the rate of flow of charge, I = Q/t, measured in amperes with an ammeter joined in series. Potential difference is the work done to move a unit charge between two points, V = W/Q, measured in volts with a voltmeter joined in parallel. Charge flows only in a closed circuit.

7. Electromechanics

Technical drawing · Machining and mechanical assembly · Measuring non-electrical quantities

Technical Drawing: Communicating Design Ideas – Technical drawing is a shared visual language for showing the exact shape and size of an object. Designers start with freehand sketches, then use pictorial views (isometric, oblique) to show the object in 3D, and orthographic projection (front, top and side views) with standard lines, dimensions in millimetres and a scale so that anyone can make it. Today most drawings are made with CAD software.
Mechanical Engineering: How Machines Are Designed and Made – Mechanical engineering is the branch of engineering that designs, makes and looks after machines: anything with moving parts that uses forces and energy, from a bicycle to a jet engine. Mechanical engineers use physics (forces, motion, energy, heat), materials science and maths. Key ideas: mechanisms change motion and force (gears, levers, cranks), energy is converted (heat to motion in engines, electricity to motion in motors), parts must be strong enough (stress, bending, safety), and parts are made by machining, fitting and assembly to exact sizes with tolerances. Mechatronics adds electronics, sensors and computer control.
Measurement and Units: How We Measure Anything – To measure something is to compare it with a fixed amount called a unit. Every measurement has a number and a unit. Scientists everywhere use the SI system, with seven base units such as the metre, kilogram and second. Prefixes like kilo (×1000), centi (÷100) and milli (÷1000) make units bigger or smaller. A good measurement starts at zero, is read with the eye straight above the mark, and is only as accurate as the smallest division (least count). Rounded values hide a small range, given by upper and lower bounds.

8. Electronics and automation

General technologies in electronics and automation · Electrical engineering and technical measurements · Electrical installations

Basic Electronics: Components and Circuits – Electronics uses small components to control electric current. A battery or power supply gives energy; a switch opens or closes the path. A resistor limits current (V = IR), a capacitor stores charge and can smooth or delay a signal, a diode lets current flow only one way, an LED is a diode that gives light, and a transistor uses a small base current to switch or amplify a much bigger current. Each part has a standard circuit symbol. Circuits are planned on paper or in a simulator, tried on a breadboard, and made permanent by soldering on a circuit board, using the right materials and safety steps. Analogue circuits handle smoothly changing signals; digital circuits handle on/off signals.
Electric Current, Potential Difference and Electric Circuits – Electric current is the rate of flow of charge, I = Q/t, measured in amperes with an ammeter joined in series. Potential difference is the work done to move a unit charge between two points, V = W/Q, measured in volts with a voltmeter joined in parallel. Charge flows only in a closed circuit.

9. Aesthetics and hygiene of the human body

Ethics and professional communication · Organising the workplace · Client consultation · Hair care · Shaving and facial care · Men's haircuts

Communication Skills: How to Share Meaning Clearly and Kindly – Communication is sharing meaning between people. A sender encodes an idea into a message, sends it through a channel, and a receiver decodes it and gives feedback. Barriers such as noise, hard words, strong emotions and cultural differences can block or bend the message. We send meaning with words (verbal), with face, eyes, gestures, posture and tone (non-verbal), and with pictures (visual). Active listening — attention, patience, questions and paraphrasing — proves the message arrived. Good communicators adapt to context: formal or informal, spoken or written, and use polite requests, kind refusals, sincere apologies and assertive (not aggressive or passive) language.
Health and Safety: Hazards, Risks and Controls – A hazard is anything that can cause harm. Risk is how likely the harm is and how bad it would be: risk = likelihood × severity. A risk assessment finds hazards, decides who could be harmed, rates the risk, adds controls and is reviewed. Use the hierarchy of control: eliminate, substitute, engineering controls, admin (rules, training, signs), then PPE last. Safety signs use colour and shape. Workshops, art rooms and workplaces need guards, ventilation, labelled materials, clear exits and first aid. Laws in most countries make employers and workers share the duty to stay safe.
Customer Service: Keeping Customers Happy – Customer service is all the help a business gives customers before, during and after they buy. Good service means a friendly welcome, quick replies, sound product knowledge, listening through a consultation, and after-sales help such as delivery, repairs, guarantees and returns. Handling complaints well can turn an unhappy customer into a loyal one. Good service brings repeat customers, good reviews and word-of-mouth, and lets a business charge more; poor service loses customers and harms reputation.
Hair Care, Shaving and Men's Haircuts – Good personal care service starts with clean tools and clean hands. Wash hair with gentle fingertip massage; shave with the grain after a warm compress; disinfect or sterilise every tool between clients; stop bleeding from a small cut with a clean pad and an antiseptic; and build a haircut from a basic cut (scissors, clipper, razor) that you adapt to the client's head and style.

10. Wood products manufacturing

Raw materials in the wood industry · Drawing simple wooden products · Sawing and cutting timber

Wood Technology: From Log to Board – Wood technology turns trees into useful products. Logs are sawn into lumber, dried to about 8 to 12 percent moisture, and cut to size. Wood has properties (density, moisture, grain, strength) and defects (knots, cracks, warp). Engineered boards such as plywood, veneer and particle board make better use of each log. Glues, abrasives, finishes and fittings complete the product. The work must be planned for yield and done safely.
Technical Drawing: Communicating Design Ideas – Technical drawing is a shared visual language for showing the exact shape and size of an object. Designers start with freehand sketches, then use pictorial views (isometric, oblique) to show the object in 3D, and orthographic projection (front, top and side views) with standard lines, dimensions in millimetres and a scale so that anyone can make it. Today most drawings are made with CAD software.

11. Food industry

Safety, health and environment in the food industry · Microbiology and hygiene in the food industry · Basic laboratory operations in the food industry

Health and Safety: Hazards, Risks and Controls – A hazard is anything that can cause harm. Risk is how likely the harm is and how bad it would be: risk = likelihood × severity. A risk assessment finds hazards, decides who could be harmed, rates the risk, adds controls and is reviewed. Use the hierarchy of control: eliminate, substitute, engineering controls, admin (rules, training, signs), then PPE last. Safety signs use colour and shape. Workshops, art rooms and workplaces need guards, ventilation, labelled materials, clear exits and first aid. Laws in most countries make employers and workers share the duty to stay safe.
Food Safety and Hygiene – Food can carry tiny living things (bacteria, viruses, moulds) that make us ill. Four habits keep food safe: clean (hands, tools, surfaces), separate (raw away from ready-to-eat), cook (to at least 75 °C in the centre) and chill (keep cold food at 5 °C or below). Bacteria multiply fastest in the danger zone, 5–60 °C, and can double every 20 minutes. Food businesses use a hazard-control plan (HACCP) and cleaning routines to keep food safe.

12. Textile and leather industry

Technical graphic language · Health, safety and environment in textiles and leather · Elements of design

Technical Drawing: Communicating Design Ideas – Technical drawing is a shared visual language for showing the exact shape and size of an object. Designers start with freehand sketches, then use pictorial views (isometric, oblique) to show the object in 3D, and orthographic projection (front, top and side views) with standard lines, dimensions in millimetres and a scale so that anyone can make it. Today most drawings are made with CAD software.
Health and Safety: Hazards, Risks and Controls – A hazard is anything that can cause harm. Risk is how likely the harm is and how bad it would be: risk = likelihood × severity. A risk assessment finds hazards, decides who could be harmed, rates the risk, adds controls and is reviewed. Use the hierarchy of control: eliminate, substitute, engineering controls, admin (rules, training, signs), then PPE last. Safety signs use colour and shape. Workshops, art rooms and workplaces need guards, ventilation, labelled materials, clear exits and first aid. Laws in most countries make employers and workers share the duty to stay safe.
Textile Design: From Fibre to Patterned Fabric – Textile design is planning how a fabric is built and how it looks and feels. Fibres are spun into yarn; yarn is woven, knitted or bonded into fabric; then colour and pattern are added by dyeing, printing or stitching; and finishes give the fabric extra powers like water-repellence or crease-resistance.

13. Construction materials

Raw materials and materials · Preparing raw material mixtures · Processing semi-finished products

Construction Materials: From Raw Material to Concrete – Buildings, roads and bridges are made from raw materials such as rock, sand, gravel, clay and water. We sample and test them, crush and grind them, sort them by size with sieves, store them, then dose and mix them in exact amounts. Cement and water form a glue that sets hard, so the water-cement ratio controls the strength. Good site habits save material and keep workers safe.

14. Mechanics

Basics of technical drawing · General fitting work · Machine elements · Mechanical assemblies

Technical Drawing: Communicating Design Ideas – Technical drawing is a shared visual language for showing the exact shape and size of an object. Designers start with freehand sketches, then use pictorial views (isometric, oblique) to show the object in 3D, and orthographic projection (front, top and side views) with standard lines, dimensions in millimetres and a scale so that anyone can make it. Today most drawings are made with CAD software.
Mechanical Engineering: How Machines Are Designed and Made – Mechanical engineering is the branch of engineering that designs, makes and looks after machines: anything with moving parts that uses forces and energy, from a bicycle to a jet engine. Mechanical engineers use physics (forces, motion, energy, heat), materials science and maths. Key ideas: mechanisms change motion and force (gears, levers, cranks), energy is converted (heat to motion in engines, electricity to motion in motors), parts must be strong enough (stress, bending, safety), and parts are made by machining, fitting and assembly to exact sizes with tolerances. Mechatronics adds electronics, sensors and computer control.

15. Media production

Film technology · Measuring techniques

Media Production: How a Media Product Is Made – Media production is making a media product, such as a video, podcast, poster, website or magazine, for a purpose and an audience. It starts with a brief: what the client wants, for whom, by when and on what budget. Producers research their target audience (age, interests, where they spend time) and choose the platforms that reach them. Production happens in stages. Pre-production: idea, research, script, storyboard or mock-up, shot list, schedule, permissions. Production: filming, recording or photographing, using shot sizes, angles, lighting and sound with purpose. Post-production: editing, adding music, graphics and captions, and checking quality. Distribution: publishing on the right platforms, often as a cross-media campaign where products link to each other. Finally, producers evaluate using audience feedback. Good media is legal and ethical: respect copyright, get consent, avoid stereotypes and be honest.
Measurement and Units: How We Measure Anything – To measure something is to compare it with a fixed amount called a unit. Every measurement has a number and a unit. Scientists everywhere use the SI system, with seven base units such as the metre, kilogram and second. Prefixes like kilo (×1000), centi (÷100) and milli (÷1000) make units bigger or smaller. A good measurement starts at zero, is read with the eye straight above the mark, and is only as accurate as the smallest division (least count). Rounded values hide a small range, given by upper and lower bounds.

16. Environmental protection

Ecology · Ecological investigation practices · Basics of hydrography

Ecosystem, Food Chains and Energy Flow – An ecosystem is all the living things in a place plus the non-living things around them, working together. Energy enters as sunlight, passes one way up a food chain, and only about 10% moves to each next level.

17. Forestry

Dendrology, soil science and forest climatology · Non-timber forest products

Forestry Basics: Trees, Soil, Climate and Forest Products – Forestry is the science and care of forests. It starts with the trees (dendrology): parts of a woody plant and the two big groups, conifers (gymnosperms) and broadleaf trees (angiosperms). Each species has a range of altitude, temperature and soil it likes. Forest soil forms in layers (horizons O, A, B, C). Weather elements are measured with instruments. A forest also gives non-timber products: honey, mushrooms, berries, medicinal plants and game, which must be managed with rules.

18. Printing techniques

Printing standards · Preparing printing materials

Printing Technology: Paper Sizes, Type, Inks and Layout – Printing follows standards so that every machine and every printer can work together. Paper comes in the A-series (ISO 216): each size is half of the one before and keeps the same 1 : 1.414 shape. Text is set in typefaces (serif or sans) measured in points. A page is planned with margins, columns and a grid. A print job starts with a job sheet, checks the materials, and uses a substrate (paper), a plate, inks (cyan, magenta, yellow, black) and finishing such as cutting, folding and binding.

19. Tourism and catering

Basics of accounting · Ethics and professional communication · Tourist accommodation structures · Processes and quality in HoReCa

Introduction to Accounting – Accounting is the language of business. It identifies money events, records them, classifies and summarises them, and then gives the results to the people who need them — owners, managers, banks, investors and the government.
Communication Skills: How to Share Meaning Clearly and Kindly – Communication is sharing meaning between people. A sender encodes an idea into a message, sends it through a channel, and a receiver decodes it and gives feedback. Barriers such as noise, hard words, strong emotions and cultural differences can block or bend the message. We send meaning with words (verbal), with face, eyes, gestures, posture and tone (non-verbal), and with pictures (visual). Active listening — attention, patience, questions and paraphrasing — proves the message arrived. Good communicators adapt to context: formal or informal, spoken or written, and use polite requests, kind refusals, sincere apologies and assertive (not aggressive or passive) language.
Hospitality and Tourism: Welcoming, Feeding and Looking After Guests – Tourism is people travelling away from home for leisure, business, study or family. Hospitality is the welcome and care they receive: a place to stay, food and drink, and services. The industry has five main sectors: accommodation, food and beverage, transport, attractions, and events and travel services. Workers need culinary knowledge (nutrition, food safety, kitchen tools and layout) and the skills to plan, deliver, manage and review an event.