Ukraine 8 клас Health, Safety and Wellbeing (integrated course)
Chapters: 6
1. Human safety
Emergencies · Wartime risks · Emergency first aid · Psychological self-help
- Personal Safety: Staying Safe from Abuse, Accidents and Danger – Personal safety means knowing the warning signs of danger and knowing what to do. Spot grooming and abuse early, use the rule NO, GO, TELL, keep a circle of trusted adults, call 112 calmly in an emergency, and in wartime or disasters drop, take cover and never touch unknown objects.
- First Aid: What to Do in an Emergency – First aid is the help you give an injured or ill person until trained help arrives. Its aims: preserve life, stop things getting worse, help recovery. Follow DRABC: Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing, CPR/Call. Breathing but unresponsive → recovery position. Not breathing normally → CPR 30:2 at 100-120 pushes a minute, 5-6 cm deep, and an AED. Bleeding → direct pressure. Burns → cool running water 20 minutes. Choking → back blows and abdominal thrusts. Sprains → RICE.
- Mental Health: Feelings, Stress and Support – Mental health is how we think, feel, cope and get along with others. Like physical health, everyone has it and it moves up and down. Emotions are useful signals. Stress adds up like water in a bucket; healthy coping (sleep, movement, talking, calm breathing, planning) lets it drain. Self-esteem and good relationships protect us. If feelings stay very heavy for two weeks or more, or stop daily life, talk to a trusted adult or a professional — asking for help is a sign of strength.
2. Human health
On the threshold of adulthood · Health systems
- Puberty and Adolescence: How Your Body and Mind Grow Up – Adolescence is the time between childhood and adulthood, roughly ages 10 to 19. Puberty is the part of it when the body becomes able to reproduce. It is started by hormones: a signal from the pituitary gland in the brain tells the ovaries or testes to make sex hormones (oestrogen and testosterone). Changes include a growth spurt, new body hair, sweat and spots, breasts and periods in girls, a deeper voice and facial hair in boys, and stronger feelings. Everyone starts at a different time, and all of it is normal.
- Healthy Lifestyle: Daily Habits That Keep You Well – A healthy lifestyle is a set of daily habits: a balanced diet from five food groups, enough water, 9–11 hours of sleep for school-age children and about 8–10 for teenagers, at least 60 minutes of activity a day, good posture, safe food handling and avoiding tobacco, alcohol and drugs. These habits lower the risk of lifestyle (non-communicable) diseases such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease and some cancers.
3. Physical health
Nutrition and health · Food safety
- Nutrition – Nutrition is how we get and use the substances in food. The body needs six groups of nutrients: carbohydrates and fats (mainly energy), proteins (growth and repair), vitamins and minerals (small amounts to keep the body working), and water, plus fibre for healthy digestion. Carbohydrate and protein give about 17 kJ per gram, fat about 37 kJ per gram. A balanced diet gives all nutrients in the right amounts, and energy in should roughly equal energy out.
- Food Safety and Hygiene – Food can carry tiny living things (bacteria, viruses, moulds) that make us ill. Four habits keep food safe: clean (hands, tools, surfaces), separate (raw away from ready-to-eat), cook (to at least 75 °C in the centre) and chill (keep cold food at 5 °C or below). Bacteria multiply fastest in the danger zone, 5–60 °C, and can double every 20 minutes. Food businesses use a hazard-control plan (HACCP) and cleaning routines to keep food safe.
4. Mental and spiritual health
Personality development · Beauty and health · Learning to learn
- Emotions, Self-Control and Character – Emotions are feelings such as joy, sadness, anger and fear. They start when something happens, they show in the body, and they come in different sizes. Emotional maturity means knowing your feeling, naming it and choosing what to do. Self-control, a healthy self-esteem and good values build a strong character.
- Healthy Lifestyle: Daily Habits That Keep You Well – A healthy lifestyle is a set of daily habits: a balanced diet from five food groups, enough water, 9–11 hours of sleep for school-age children and about 8–10 for teenagers, at least 60 minutes of activity a day, good posture, safe food handling and avoiding tobacco, alcohol and drugs. These habits lower the risk of lifestyle (non-communicable) diseases such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease and some cancers.
- Study Skills: Learn Smarter and Handle Exam Stress – We forget most new facts within days unless we revise them. Study skills are the habits that make learning stick. The strongest are spaced revision (reviewing after 1, 3, 7 and 21 days) and active recall (testing yourself instead of re-reading). Focus blocks such as the Pomodoro method, a written timetable, good notes (Cornell notes, mind maps) and enough sleep all help. For languages, learn words in context, use flash cards, read and listen every day and speak early. A little stress keeps you alert, but too much blocks thinking, so learn calming tricks and plan ahead.
5. Social health
Social aspects of puberty · Law and responsibility · Information safety
- Sexual Health: Growing Up Safe and Informed – Sexual health means physical, emotional and social well-being related to sexuality, not just the absence of disease. Puberty (about 8–14 years, different for everyone) is driven by hormones and brings body and feeling changes. Sexuality is part of life from childhood to old age and includes identity, feelings, relationships and values. A healthy body image means accepting that real bodies differ and media images are often edited. Consent must be free, clear, informed and can be withdrawn; everyone has rights to information, safety, privacy and health care. STIs spread through sexual contact and some body fluids; many have no signs; prevention includes abstinence, condoms, vaccines (HPV, hepatitis B), testing and early treatment. Get information from reliable sources and trusted adults.
- The Justice System: How Disputes and Crimes Are Settled – A justice system is the set of rules, people and courts a society uses to settle disputes fairly and deal with crimes. Many disputes end without court through negotiation, mediation or arbitration (ADR). Civil cases are between parties and end in compensation; criminal cases are brought by the state and can end in punishment. In a trial each side brings evidence; the claimant must prove a civil case on the balance of probabilities, and the prosecution must prove a crime beyond reasonable doubt. A losing party can appeal to a higher court. Judges must be independent. Young people are judged in special youth courts that focus on protection and education.
6. Wellbeing
Environmental safety · Consumer culture · Social support and cooperation
- Environmental Health – Environmental health is about how our surroundings — air, water, food, soil, chemicals, noise, heat and the buildings we live in — affect our health. Harm reaches the body by four roads: breathing, drinking, eating and touching. Risk depends on the dose and how long we are exposed. Some poisons build up along food chains. The One Health idea says human, animal and environmental health are linked, so we protect all three together.
- Sustainability – Sustainability means meeting our needs today without taking away the ability of future people to meet theirs. It rests on three pillars — environment, society and economy. A resource is used sustainably when we use it no faster than it renews. Today humanity uses about 1.7 Earths' worth of resources a year, and this use is very unequal. Stewardship, careful planning and spatial tools like GIS help us move towards sustainability.
- Healthy Relationships – A healthy relationship, with family, friends or a partner, is built on respect, trust, honesty, equality and open talk. Each person keeps their own friends, choices and boundaries. Control, put-downs, pressure, jealousy and violence are warning signs. Consent means a free, clear yes that can be taken back at any time. Conflicts are normal and can be solved calmly; when someone feels unsafe they should tell a trusted adult or call a helpline.