South 중학교 3학년 Technology and Home Economics
Chapters: 5
1. Human development and family
Self-esteem · Peer culture · Sexual development · Changing family structures · Family relationships · Family conflict
- Self-Identity: Who Am I, and How Do I Live It? – Identity is your sense of who you are: your roles, values, strengths and dreams. We know ourselves through reflection. Self-esteem is how much we value ourselves. A strong moral identity means our actions match our values.
- Sexual Health: Growing Up Safe and Informed – Sexual health means physical, emotional and social well-being related to sexuality, not just the absence of disease. Puberty (about 8–14 years, different for everyone) is driven by hormones and brings body and feeling changes. Sexuality is part of life from childhood to old age and includes identity, feelings, relationships and values. A healthy body image means accepting that real bodies differ and media images are often edited. Consent must be free, clear, informed and can be withdrawn; everyone has rights to information, safety, privacy and health care. STIs spread through sexual contact and some body fluids; many have no signs; prevention includes abstinence, condoms, vaccines (HPV, hepatitis B), testing and early treatment. Get information from reliable sources and trusted adults.
- Family Ethics: Living Well Together as a Family – A family is a group of people who live with, care for and depend on each other. Families come in many shapes: nuclear, joint, single-parent, blended, couples, grandparent-led. Family ethics means the fair and kind ways members treat each other: equal respect, shared work, honest talk, and care for children and elders. A healthy couple relationship rests on free choice, trust and equality. Every family meets problems; good talk, fair sharing and outside help get it through.
2. Home life and safety
Teen nutrition · Meal planning with dietary standards · Clothing design · Buying clothes · Housing values · Organising living space · Threats to teen health · Sexual decision-making · Domestic violence · Family meals · Meal planning for family needs · Healthy home environment
- Nutrition – Nutrition is how we get and use the substances in food. The body needs six groups of nutrients: carbohydrates and fats (mainly energy), proteins (growth and repair), vitamins and minerals (small amounts to keep the body working), and water, plus fibre for healthy digestion. Carbohydrate and protein give about 17 kJ per gram, fat about 37 kJ per gram. A balanced diet gives all nutrients in the right amounts, and energy in should roughly equal energy out.
- Clothing: Why We Wear It, What It Is Made Of and How to Choose It – Clothes protect us from sun, rain and cold, give modesty, show identity (uniforms, traditional dress such as the sari or hanbok) and let us express ourselves. They are made of fibres: natural ones from plants (cotton, linen) and animals (wool, silk), and synthetic ones from petroleum (polyester, nylon). Fibres are spun into yarn and made into fabric by weaving (over-under) or knitting (loops). Design uses line, colour, shape and texture. A smart buyer plans a wardrobe, checks fit, quality and the care label, compares shops, works out cost per wear, and chooses sustainable options: buy less, mend, swap and recycle.
- Housing: How Homes Meet Our Needs and Change Over Time – Housing is the place where people live. A good home gives shelter, safety, privacy, health and a sense of belonging. Houses are shaped by climate, local materials, culture, money and the way families live. Inside, living space is arranged into private, shared and service zones. A healthy home has fresh air, daylight, low damp and is kept clean and organised. Housing changes as society changes: from traditional houses such as courtyard homes to city apartments and future green, smart and shared homes. Fair access to decent, affordable housing is an important social issue.
- Healthy Lifestyle: Daily Habits That Keep You Well – A healthy lifestyle is a set of daily habits: a balanced diet from five food groups, enough water, 9–11 hours of sleep for school-age children and about 8–10 for teenagers, at least 60 minutes of activity a day, good posture, safe food handling and avoiding tobacco, alcohol and drugs. These habits lower the risk of lifestyle (non-communicable) diseases such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease and some cancers.
- Respect, Consent and Gender Equality: Sexual Ethics for Teens – Sexual ethics means treating your own body and other people with respect. Consent must be clear, free, informed and can change at any time. Pressure, fear or power make a "yes" invalid. Everyone has equal rights whatever their gender, and anyone can ask a trusted adult for help.
- Safety Education: Staying Safe at Home, on the Road and with People – Safety means spotting hazards early and acting before harm happens. Risk = likelihood × harm. Keep exits clear and use stairs in a fire, follow traffic rules and wear a helmet or seat belt, wash hands and use medicine correctly, and in any unsafe situation with a person: say NO, GO away and TELL a trusted adult.
3. Resource management and independence
Managing life resources · Choosing clothing materials · Recycling clothes · Teen consumption · Consumer rights · Low birth rate and ageing · Work-family balance · Life design · Career design
- Sustainability – Sustainability means meeting our needs today without taking away the ability of future people to meet theirs. It rests on three pillars — environment, society and economy. A resource is used sustainably when we use it no faster than it renews. Today humanity uses about 1.7 Earths' worth of resources a year, and this use is very unequal. Stewardship, careful planning and spatial tools like GIS help us move towards sustainability.
- Clothing: Why We Wear It, What It Is Made Of and How to Choose It – Clothes protect us from sun, rain and cold, give modesty, show identity (uniforms, traditional dress such as the sari or hanbok) and let us express ourselves. They are made of fibres: natural ones from plants (cotton, linen) and animals (wool, silk), and synthetic ones from petroleum (polyester, nylon). Fibres are spun into yarn and made into fabric by weaving (over-under) or knitting (loops). Design uses line, colour, shape and texture. A smart buyer plans a wardrobe, checks fit, quality and the care label, compares shops, works out cost per wear, and chooses sustainable options: buy less, mend, swap and recycle.
- Consumer Education: How to Be a Smart Buyer – A consumer is anyone who buys or uses goods and services. Smart buying starts with sorting needs (must have) from wants (nice to have). Rational consumption compares benefit with cost, counts the opportunity cost (what else the money could buy) and stays inside a budget. Sellers use psychology: anchor prices (a big crossed-out price), bandwagon ('everyone has it'), rush (countdowns), 99-endings and celebrity ads; teens are a key target online. Clicking 'I agree' makes a contract, so read terms, auto-renewal, cancel and refund rules. Read labels: price per unit, expiry, ingredients, allergens, nutrition and safety marks. Consumers have rights (safety, information, choice, to be heard, redress, education, basic needs, clean environment) and duties (keep bills, check marks, complain properly, buy sustainably). Together, consumers shape culture: what we buy decides what gets made.
- Population Ageing – Population ageing means older people form a growing share of a population. It has two drivers: fewer births (total fertility rate below about 2.1) and longer lives. Fewer workers per older person strains pensions, health care and the labour supply, while schools need fewer places. Societies respond with support for families, later and flexible retirement, pension and care reforms, technology, lifelong learning and sometimes immigration.
- Family Ethics: Living Well Together as a Family – A family is a group of people who live with, care for and depend on each other. Families come in many shapes: nuclear, joint, single-parent, blended, couples, grandparent-led. Family ethics means the fair and kind ways members treat each other: equal respect, shared work, honest talk, and care for children and elders. A healthy couple relationship rests on free choice, trust and equality. Every family meets problems; good talk, fair sharing and outside help get it through.
- Life Planning: Designing a Happy, Independent Life – Life planning means thinking ahead about the kind of life you want and how to get there. Life passes through stages (childhood, teenage years, young adulthood, adulthood, older age), each with its own tasks. Along the way come life events, some shared by most people and some chosen. You use five resources: time, money, health, people and skills. A good plan sets short, medium and long-term goals, prepares for risks with savings, insurance and public welfare, and is reviewed as life changes. Being an independent citizen means taking responsibility for yourself and others. In ageing societies with few births, planning for later life matters more than ever. Happiness comes from wellbeing in body, mind, relationships and purpose, not from money alone.
- Career Planning: From Knowing Yourself to Your First Job – Career planning has five steps. 1) Know yourself: interests, skills and values. 2) Explore career families and find out the work, study needed, pay and demand. 3) Plan a pathway with SMART goals and a plan B. 4) Search for jobs with a CV, cover letter, digital portfolio and interview practice. 5) Make the move from school to work and keep learning, because careers change over a lifetime.
4. Technology systems
Production technology · Manufacturing systems · Development of manufacturing · Manufacturing problems · Construction systems · Development of construction · Construction problems · Biotechnology systems · Uses of biotechnology · Transport systems · Transport safety · Transport problems · New and renewable energy · Energy problems · Information technology systems · ICT development · Communication media · ICT problems
- Science, Technology and Society: How Discoveries Change Our Lives – Science finds out how nature works; technology uses that knowledge to make tools and solve problems. Society shapes science too, by asking questions, paying for research and making rules. Big changes such as the printing press, the steam engine, electricity, vaccines and the internet changed how people work, live and think. Every technology has benefits and risks. To decide wisely we look at evidence, weigh benefits against risks, ask who gains and who loses, think about ethics and the future, and use safety rules.
- Manufacturing Technology: From Raw Material to Finished Product – Manufacturing turns raw materials into useful products. Primary industry makes standard stock; secondary industry makes finished goods. Material is converted by forming, separating, combining and conditioning. Good parts need the right material, a clear technical drawing and process plan, careful measurement against tolerances, and machines run by control systems, all done safely.
- The Design Process: From Problem to Product – The design process is a loop of steps designers use to solve a real problem for real people: investigate the need, define it in a brief and a measurable specification, generate many ideas, build a prototype, then test and evaluate it against the specification. Whatever fails sends you back round the loop. This repeating is called iteration, and it is how almost every product, app, building and artwork is improved.
- Construction Technology: How Buildings Are Planned and Built – Construction technology is the knowledge of how to plan, build, finish and look after structures. A building has a foundation, a frame (columns and beams), walls and a roof. Every load (dead load of the building itself, live load of people and furniture, wind and snow) must travel down a clear load path to the soil. Concrete is strong in compression, steel in tension, so reinforced concrete uses both. Builders work from scale drawings (plan, elevation, section), use maths to find areas and volumes, follow building codes for safety, and fit systems for water, power and air.
- Transport Technology: Moving People and Goods – Transport technology moves people and goods from place to place. Every transport system has five parts: a vehicle, a way (road, rail, sea lane, air route), terminals (stations, ports, airports), a power source and a control system. Land vehicles push on the ground using friction. Ships float because water pushes up (buoyancy). Planes fly when lift beats weight and thrust beats drag. Rockets push gas backwards and are pushed forwards. Engines turn fuel or electricity into motion; electric motors waste less energy. Safety depends on stopping distance = thinking distance + braking distance. Future transport aims to be cleaner, safer and smarter: electric and hydrogen vehicles, maglev trains, drones and self-driving cars.
- Renewable Energy Sources – Non-renewable sources (coal, oil, gas, uranium) are used faster than nature makes them, and fossil fuels release CO₂. Renewable sources are refilled by nature: solar (photovoltaic cells and solar heating), wind (P ∝ v³), hydroelectric (P = η ρ g h Q), tidal, geothermal and biomass. Hydrogen fuel cells turn hydrogen and oxygen into electricity and water. Because sun and wind change, we need storage (batteries, pumped hydro) and a mix of sources. Every source has costs: land, materials, cost and effect on nature.
5. Using technology
Technology and social change · Safety in a changing society · Everyday products · Invention · Patents · Ideas from daily problems · Standards · Problems without standards · Appropriate technology
- Science, Technology and Society: How Discoveries Change Our Lives – Science finds out how nature works; technology uses that knowledge to make tools and solve problems. Society shapes science too, by asking questions, paying for research and making rules. Big changes such as the printing press, the steam engine, electricity, vaccines and the internet changed how people work, live and think. Every technology has benefits and risks. To decide wisely we look at evidence, weigh benefits against risks, ask who gains and who loses, think about ethics and the future, and use safety rules.
- Safety Education: Staying Safe at Home, on the Road and with People – Safety means spotting hazards early and acting before harm happens. Risk = likelihood × harm. Keep exits clear and use stairs in a fire, follow traffic rules and wear a helmet or seat belt, wash hands and use medicine correctly, and in any unsafe situation with a person: say NO, GO away and TELL a trusted adult.
- Making Things: From Idea to Prototype – To make a product, we plan it, choose materials, measure and mark, cut, join, finish, test and then improve. The first working model is called a prototype. Each step uses the right tool, used safely. Testing shows what must change, and a good maker repeats the loop until the product works well.
- Patents: Protecting an Invention – A patent is a right given by the government to an inventor. For about 20 years, others cannot make, use or sell the invention without permission. In return, the inventor must explain the invention clearly to the public. To get a patent, an invention must be new (novel), not obvious (inventive step) and useful in industry. Patents are one kind of intellectual property (IP), along with designs, trademarks and copyright. A patent application has a specification: title, background, description, drawings, claims and abstract. The claims are the fence that marks exactly what is protected. Filing steps: search prior art, write and file, publication, examination, grant, then pay yearly fees. A patent works only in the countries where it is granted. When employees invent at work, the employee is named as inventor, but the employer usually owns the right and should give fair reward.
- National and International Standards in Design – A standard is an agreed document that sets sizes, quality, safety or test methods so products fit, work safely and can be traded. ISO and IEC write world standards; regional (EN) and national bodies such as BIS, BSI, DIN, UNE and ANSI adopt them. Marks like CE, ISI and the Kitemark show conformity. ISO 216 A-series paper starts at A0 = 1 m², halves at each size and keeps a 1 : √2 ratio. Drawing standards fix line types, scales, dimensions, title blocks and how to fold sheets to A4.
- Appropriate Technology – Appropriate technology is a tool or method that fits the people, place and money it is used for. It is usually simple, affordable, easy to repair locally and kind to the environment. The best technology is not always the newest or biggest. We choose by checking cost, skills, repair, energy, environment and how much is needed.