France Première Technological track — common core

1. French

Poetry, 19th–21st century · Literature of ideas, 16th–18th century · Novel and narrative, Middle Ages–21st century · Theatre, 17th–21st century · Text contraction and essay · Language study · The French oral

Coming soon

2. History — building a democratic nation (1789–1918)

Europe shaken by the French Revolution · Politics and society, Second Republic and Second Empire · Third Republic before 1914: regime and empire · WWI upsets societies and the European order

• Suffrage: Winning the Right to Vote – Suffrage is the right to vote. In the early 1800s most countries let only rich men vote (census or property suffrage). Step by step the limits fell. France brought in universal male suffrage in 1848 (and ended slavery the same year), but the Second Republic soon gave way to Napoleon III's Second Empire, which kept the vote but controlled it. From the late 1800s women's movements (suffragists and suffragettes) campaigned for the vote: New Zealand was first in 1893, many countries followed after 1918, France in 1944 and India gave all adults the vote from 1950. Universal adult suffrage means one person, one vote, in secret, for every adult citizen.
• The Third Republic of France (1870-1914) – The Third Republic began in 1870 when the emperor fell, and was made firm by the laws of 1875. It brought freedom of the press, meeting and unions, free, compulsory and secular schools (1881-82), and in 1905 it separated the Churches from the State. The Dreyfus affair split the country, and women still could not vote until 1944.
• World War I (1914–1918): Causes, Course and Consequences – World War I was fought from 1914 to 1918 between the Allies (France, Britain, Russia, later Italy, the USA and others) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria). Four long-term causes built tension: militarism, alliances, imperialism and nationalism (MAIN). The spark was the killing of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. On the Western Front the war became a stalemate of trenches; new weapons made it very deadly. It was a total war: whole economies, women workers and colonies were mobilised, including about 1.3 million Indians. Russia left after its 1917 revolution, the USA joined in 1917, and fighting stopped with the armistice of 11 November 1918. The peace treaties of 1919–1920, including Versailles, redrew Europe, ended four empires, created the League of Nations and left anger that helped cause World War II.

3. Geography — changing spaces in France and the world

Cities worldwide: the rise of metropolises · Productive spaces, coasts and flows · Rural areas with more and more uses · China: many spatial changes

• Urbanisation: Why Cities Grow and How to Make Them Work – Urbanisation is the rise in the share of a country's or the world's people who live in towns and cities. In 1950 about 30% of the world was urban; since 2007 more than half is, and about 68% is expected by 2050. Cities grow by rural–urban migration (push factors from the countryside, pull factors to the city) and by natural increase. Today the fastest growth is in lower-income and newly emerging countries of Asia and Africa, where megacities of 10 million or more are forming; in many rich countries growth is slow and people also move out to suburbs (suburbanisation and counter-urbanisation). Fast growth brings opportunities (jobs, services) and problems (informal housing, traffic, pollution, waste, flooding, the urban heat island). Sustainable urban development tries to fix these with public transport, green spaces, clean water, recycling, affordable housing and renewable energy.
• Economic Geography: Where Things Are Made and How They Move – Economic geography studies where people produce, trade and consume, and why. Work is grouped into sectors: primary (farming, fishing, mining), secondary (factories, building) and tertiary (shops, transport, banks, software, tourism); a quaternary sector of research and information is sometimes added. Firms choose places that cut costs and reach buyers: raw materials, energy, transport, workers, markets, government support and nature all matter. Most products are now made in global value chains, with steps spread over many places; value grows most at design, branding and sale. Multinational firms and public actors (states, regions, cities) shape these spaces. Goods move in containers and trucks, while money, data and ideas flow through cables. Production crowds into big cities (metropolises) and coasts, and places compete to attract firms. Old industrial regions restructure, sometimes shrinking and sometimes turning to new industries and services.
• Rural Geography: How Countryside Areas Live and Change – Rural areas have few people per square kilometre, lots of open land and small settlements. Farming shaped them, but machines mean fewer farm jobs. Today rural land has many uses: homes for commuters, tourism, nature protection and energy. Areas near cities often grow (the rural-urban fringe), while remote areas may lose people and services. Farmers, residents, local councils and businesses all want different things, so land-use planning sets rules.
• China: Many Spatial Changes – China is changing fast in space. Cities grew from about 1 in 5 people in 1980 to about 2 in 3 today. Most people and factories sit in the wet east and on the coastal deltas, while the dry west is thinly settled. The countryside is changing too: many villagers moved to cities and farms use more machines.

4. Mathematics (2026 programme)

Sets and logic · Algorithms and Python (not STD2A) · Geometry activities (STD2A) · Quick-fire skills · Sequences · Functions of a real variable · Differentiation · Statistics and probability

• Sets: Representation, Types, Subsets, Venn Diagrams and Operations – A set is a well-defined collection of different objects. We write it in roster form {2, 4, 6} or set-builder form {x : x is even}. Sets can be empty, finite, infinite or equal. If every element of B is in A, B is a subset of A (B ⊂ A); a set with n elements has 2ⁿ subsets. Intervals like (a, b) and [a, b] are subsets of real numbers. The universal set U holds everything under study. With Venn diagrams we see union A ∪ B, intersection A ∩ B, difference A − B and complement A′ = U − A.
• Python Basics: Modes, Variables, Data Types and Operators – Python runs in interactive mode (one line at a time) or script mode (a saved .py file). Blocks are shown by indentation. Variables are names tied to values; every value has a data type, and some types are mutable. Operators build expressions that Python works out by precedence. input() reads text, int()/float()/str() convert types, and debugging fixes syntax, runtime and logical errors.
• Getting Started with Python – Python is a high-level, free and open-source, interpreted, portable, case-sensitive language that is easy to read. You can run it in interactive mode (type after the >>> prompt and see the result at once) or script mode (save code in a .py file and run it). Python's character set includes letters, digits, special symbols, whitespace and all Unicode characters. The smallest units of a program are tokens: keywords, identifiers, literals, operators and punctuators. A variable is a name that refers to a value; in an assignment the right side (r-value) is evaluated first and stored in the left side (l-value). Comments start with # and are ignored by Python.
• Python Revision for Class 12: Everything from Class 11 in One Place – Class 12 builds on Class 11 Python. You must know tokens (keywords, identifiers, literals, operators, punctuators), data types (int, float, bool, str, list, tuple, dict), which types are mutable (can change in place) and which are immutable, operator precedence, if-elif-else, for and while loops with break and continue, string slicing, and the main methods of lists, tuples and dictionaries.
• Solid Geometry: Points, Lines and Planes in Space – Solid geometry studies figures in three dimensions. Three points not on one line fix a plane. Two lines in space can be parallel, intersecting or skew (not in one plane). A line can lie in a plane, cut it, or be parallel to it; it is perpendicular to a plane if it is perpendicular to two intersecting lines of that plane. Angles in space are found by projecting onto a plane and using right triangles.
• Mental Maths: Fast Everyday Calculation Skills – Mental maths means doing routine calculations quickly and correctly in your head or with a few lines. Compare two numbers by difference or by ratio. Write a percent change as a factor: +20% is × 1.2, −20% is × 0.8. Successive changes multiply their factors, so +20% then −20% gives × 0.96, not × 1. To undo +p% use the reciprocal factor. Know powers of ten and unit conversions, the special products (a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b² and (a + b)(a − b) = a² − b², how to make one letter the subject of a formula, and that a product is zero only if a factor is zero.
• Sequences and Series: AP, GP, AM and GM – A sequence is a list of numbers in a definite order: a₁, a₂, a₃, … A series is what we get when we add the terms. In an arithmetic progression (AP) we add the same number d each time; aₙ = a + (n − 1)d and Sₙ = n/2[2a + (n − 1)d]. The arithmetic mean (AM) of a and b is (a + b)/2; n AMs between a and b use d = (b − a)/(n + 1). In a geometric progression (GP) we multiply by the same number r each time; aₙ = arⁿ⁻¹ and Sₙ = a(rⁿ − 1)/(r − 1) for r ≠ 1. If |r| < 1 the terms shrink and the infinite sum is S∞ = a/(1 − r). The geometric mean (GM) of two positive numbers a and b is √(ab), and n GMs between them use r = (b/a)^(1/(n+1)). For positive a and b, AM ≥ GM, with equality only when a = b.
• Functions: Composite, Inverse and Standard Graphs – A function is a rule that gives exactly one output for each allowed input. The allowed inputs are the domain; the outputs are the range. Two functions can be joined: g(f(x)) means do f first, then g. An inverse function f⁻¹ undoes f, and its graph is the mirror image of the graph of f in the line y = x. Only one-to-one functions have an inverse.
• Continuity and Differentiability – A function is continuous at a point when its graph has no break there: the left limit, the right limit and the value are all equal. The derivative is the slope of the tangent line. With the chain rule, implicit differentiation, the rules for eˣ, ln x and inverse trig functions, logarithmic differentiation and parametric forms, you can differentiate almost any Class 12 function. The second derivative tells how the slope itself changes, that is, how the curve bends.
• Conditional Probability, Multiplication Rule and Independent Events – Conditional probability is the chance of A when we already know B has happened. We throw away every outcome outside B and count again: P(A|B) = P(A ∩ B) ÷ P(B). Turned around, this gives the multiplication rule P(A ∩ B) = P(B)·P(A|B). If knowing B does not change the chance of A, the events are independent and P(A ∩ B) = P(A)·P(B).

5. Modern languages A and B

Identities and exchanges · Private and public space · Art and power · Citizenship and virtual worlds · Fiction and reality · Science, innovation and responsibility · Diversity and inclusion · Territory and memory · Language activities · Language skills

Coming soon

6. Moral and civic education (2024) — cohesion and diversity

Republican values and social cohesion · The Republic and the Nation

• Democracy – Democracy is rule by the people. People choose their rulers in free and fair elections, each adult has one vote of equal value, and the government must follow the law and respect rights. Democracy can be direct or representative. India has old democratic roots and today uses a parliamentary system, while the USA uses a presidential system. Poverty, illiteracy, corruption and inequality are its main challenges.
• Outcomes of Democracy – Democracy is judged by what it delivers. It gives an accountable, responsive and legitimate government, and it is best at protecting dignity and freedom. On economic growth it is about as good as dictatorship. It has not done enough to cut inequality and poverty. It handles social differences well when majority and minority keep changing.
• Citizenship: Full and Equal Membership – Citizenship is full and equal membership of a political community. Citizens get equal rights, like voting, protection and public services, and share duties. History shows that equal rights were won through struggles by workers, women, Black Americans and other groups; today poor migrants, slum dwellers and tribal people still struggle for full use of their rights. Citizenship is linked to the nation: each state decides who is a citizen. India gives citizenship by birth, descent, registration or naturalisation and does not decide it by religion, caste or language. Universal citizenship is the ideal that every person should be a full member somewhere, which stateless people and refugees still lack. Global citizenship asks us to care about all humanity, while national citizenship still protects our rights.