CBSE Class 10 Social Science (087)
Chapters: 4
1. History: India and the Contemporary World – II
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe · Nationalism in India · The Making of a Global World · The Age of Industrialisation (periodic assessment only) · Print Culture and the Modern World
- The Rise of Nationalism in Europe – Before 1789, Europe was split into many kingdoms and people were loyal to a king. The French Revolution said power belongs to the people, who form one nation. Napoleon spread equal laws. After 1815 kings came back, but liberals, romantic writers and hungry common people pushed for nation-states in 1830 and 1848. Germany (1871) and Italy (1861) were built by joining many small states. Nations were shown as women figures like Marianne and Germania. By 1914, nationalism mixed with imperial rivalry, and the Balkans tension led to the First World War.
- Nationalism in India – The First World War brought high taxes, high prices and forced recruitment to India. Gandhiji's satyagraha (truth and non-violence) won in Champaran, Kheda and Ahmedabad. After the Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh, Congress joined the Khilafat issue and started Non-Cooperation in 1920; towns, peasants, tribals and plantation workers joined in their own ways. It stopped in 1922 after Chauri Chaura. In 1930 the Salt March began Civil Disobedience: rich and poor peasants, business people, workers and women joined, while many Dalits and Muslims kept away. Songs, Bharat Mata, folklore, flags and history built a sense of collective belonging.
- The Making of a Global World – People, goods, ideas and germs have moved across the world for thousands of years: on the silk routes, with food crops like potato and maize, and with diseases like smallpox. Between 1815 and 1914 the world economy grew through three flows: goods, labour and capital, helped by railways, steamships and refrigerated ships. Colonies paid a price: rinderpest in Africa and indentured labour from India. After the First World War came mass production in the USA and then the Great Depression of 1929, which hit India's farmers hard. After 1945, the Bretton Woods system, the IMF and the World Bank rebuilt the world economy.
- The Age of Industrialisation – Before factories, merchants gave raw material to peasant families who spun and wove at home (proto-industrialisation). From the 1760s Britain built cotton mills, machines like the spinning jenny and James Watt's improved steam engine. Change was slow: hand labour stayed cheap and common. In India, weavers once supplied world markets; the East India Company controlled them through gomasthas, and Manchester cloth later flooded India. From 1854 Indian mills grew in Bombay and elsewhere, and small workshops also grew. Makers sold goods through labels, calendars and adverts, and swadeshi adverts appealed to national pride.
- Print Culture and the Modern World – Printing began in China with woodblocks and spread to Japan and Korea. In Europe, Gutenberg's press with movable metal type (1430s) made books fast and cheap. This print revolution created new readers, spread new ideas such as Luther's protest and Enlightenment thought, and helped bring about the French Revolution; the Church and rulers tried censorship. Children, women and workers became readers in the 19th century. In India, printing came with Portuguese missionaries in Goa; newspapers from 1780, religious debates, reform, women's writing and caste protest followed, and the British tried to control the press through the Vernacular Press Act of 1878.
2. Geography: Contemporary India – II
Resources and Development · Forest and Wildlife Resources · Water Resources · Agriculture · Minerals and Energy Resources · Manufacturing Industries · Lifelines of National Economy (map pointing only in board)
- Resources and Development – A resource is anything in nature that people can use with the help of technology. Resources can be grouped by origin, by how long they last, by who owns them and by how much we have developed them. India must plan how it uses resources, look after its land, and protect its soils from erosion.
- Forest and Wildlife Resources – Forests are home to a huge variety of plants and animals (biodiversity) and support human life. Farming, mining, dams and industry have cut many forests and pushed species towards extinction. India protects them with laws, national parks and Project Tiger, and local communities play a big role through movements like Chipko, sacred groves and Joint Forest Management.
- Water Resources – Almost all water on Earth is salty sea water; only a tiny part is usable fresh water. Growing population, farming, industry and pollution cause water scarcity. Multipurpose dams store water for many uses but also create problems. Rainwater harvesting is an old and simple way to save water.
- Agriculture – Agriculture means growing crops and raising animals. In India it ranges from small family plots to big commercial farms and plantations. Crops grow in three seasons: kharif, rabi and zaid. Each major crop needs its own mix of rain, temperature and soil. The government has made reforms to help farmers.
- Minerals and Energy Resources – Minerals are natural substances found in rocks. They are metallic (ferrous or non-ferrous), non-metallic, or energy minerals. Energy comes from conventional sources like coal, petroleum, natural gas and electricity, and from non-conventional sources like sun, wind, nuclear, biogas, tides and heat from the Earth. Both minerals and energy must be conserved.
- Manufacturing Industries – Manufacturing changes raw materials into more valuable products. It gives jobs, reduces dependence on farming, and earns money through exports. Industries are grouped by raw material, role, capital, ownership and bulk. Their location depends on raw material, power, labour, capital, transport and market. Industries pollute air, water, land and cause noise, but this can be controlled.
- Lifelines of National Economy – Transport, communication and trade connect producers with consumers and join the country together, like blood vessels in a body. India has roads, railways, pipelines, waterways, ports and airways. Communication carries messages; trade exchanges goods within and between countries. Tourism is also a trade that earns money and jobs.
3. Political Science: Democratic Politics – II
Power-sharing · Federalism · Gender, Religion and Caste · Political Parties · Outcomes of Democracy
- Power Sharing – Power sharing means no single person or group holds all the power. Belgium shared power between its language groups and stayed united; Sri Lanka let the majority grab power and fell into civil war. In a democracy, power is shared among organs of government, levels of government, social groups, and parties.
- Federalism – Federalism is a system where power is divided between a central government and state (and local) governments, each with its own powers fixed by the Constitution. India divides law-making into three lists, respects many languages, and since 1992 gives real power to panchayats and municipalities.
- Gender, Religion and Caste – Social differences of gender, religion and caste show up in politics. Politics can help fight unfair treatment, as with reserved seats for women. But when religion or caste is used to divide people, as in communalism, it harms democracy. India's Constitution makes the state secular and bans discrimination.
- Political Parties – A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power. Parties do seven key jobs, from contesting elections to linking people with government schemes. India has a multi-party system with national and state parties. Parties face challenges like lack of internal democracy and money power, and some reforms have been made.
- Outcomes of Democracy – Democracy is judged by what it delivers. It gives an accountable, responsive and legitimate government, and it is best at protecting dignity and freedom. On economic growth it is about as good as dictatorship. It has not done enough to cut inequality and poverty. It handles social differences well when majority and minority keep changing.
4. Economics: Understanding Economic Development
Development · Sectors of the Indian Economy · Money and Credit · Globalisation and the Indian Economy · Consumer Rights (project work only)
- Development – Development means different things to different people: more income, but also equality, freedom, security and respect. Countries are compared by per capita income, but averages hide inequality, so we also look at health and education. The Human Development Index combines these. Development must also be sustainable, so resources last for future generations.
- Sectors of the Indian Economy – Economic activities are grouped into three sectors: primary (using nature), secondary (making goods) and tertiary (services). GDP counts the value of final goods and services. In India the tertiary sector produces the most, but the primary sector employs the most, with much disguised unemployment. Activities are also divided into organised and unorganised, and public and private sectors.
- Money and Credit – Money is a medium of exchange that removes the need for a double coincidence of wants. Banks take deposits and give loans. Credit can help people grow, or trap them in debt, depending on its terms. Formal loans from banks and cooperatives are cheaper and regulated; informal loans from moneylenders are costly. Self-Help Groups bring cheap credit to poor women.
- The Making of a Global World – People, goods, ideas and germs have moved across the world for thousands of years: on the silk routes, with food crops like potato and maize, and with diseases like smallpox. Between 1815 and 1914 the world economy grew through three flows: goods, labour and capital, helped by railways, steamships and refrigerated ships. Colonies paid a price: rinderpest in Africa and indentured labour from India. After the First World War came mass production in the USA and then the Great Depression of 1929, which hit India's farmers hard. After 1945, the Bretton Woods system, the IMF and the World Bank rebuilt the world economy.
- Globalisation and the Indian Economy – Globalisation is the fast joining of countries' economies through trade, investment, technology and movement of people. MNCs spread production across countries. New technology and liberalisation (removing trade barriers, in India from 1991) made it possible. The WTO sets trade rules. Globalisation helped some groups and hurt others, so we need fair globalisation.
- Consumer Rights – A consumer buys goods and services for use. Sellers can cheat consumers through short weight, adulteration, high prices or false ads. The Consumer Protection Act gives six rights: safety, information, choice, to be heard, redressal and consumer education. Quality marks and a three-level system of consumer commissions help consumers get justice.