Ukraine 9 клас Technologies
Chapters: 4
1. Design (project planning)
Designing and inventing · New materials · Technical and artistic construction
- The Design Process: From Problem to Product – The design process is a loop of steps designers use to solve a real problem for real people: investigate the need, define it in a brief and a measurable specification, generate many ideas, build a prototype, then test and evaluate it against the specification. Whatever fails sends you back round the loop. This repeating is called iteration, and it is how almost every product, app, building and artwork is improved.
- Polymers – A polymer is a giant molecule made by joining many small molecules (monomers) into a long chain. In addition polymerisation, monomers with a C=C double bond open up and link with nothing lost (ethene → poly(ethene)). In condensation polymerisation, two kinds of monomer with reactive groups at both ends join and give off a small molecule such as water at every link (nylon, polyester). Nature makes polymers too: starch, cellulose, proteins, DNA, rubber. Separate chains give thermoplastics that melt and can be recycled; cross-linked chains give thermosets that never melt. Most plastics do not rot, so we must reduce, reuse and recycle them.
- Technical Drawing: Communicating Design Ideas – Technical drawing is a shared visual language for showing the exact shape and size of an object. Designers start with freehand sketches, then use pictorial views (isometric, oblique) to show the object in 3D, and orthographic projection (front, top and side views) with standard lines, dimensions in millimetres and a scale so that anyone can make it. Today most drawings are made with CAD software.
2. Production technologies
Structural materials, machinery and technologies · Evaluating, presenting and advertising the project
- Smart and Modern Materials – A smart material changes one of its properties (shape, colour, transparency or electrical output) when something in its surroundings changes, such as temperature, light, force or a voltage. The change is reversible. Key examples: shape-memory alloys like nitinol return to a remembered shape when heated; thermochromic pigments change colour with temperature; photochromic materials darken in UV light; piezoelectric crystals make a voltage when squeezed. Modern materials, which are not necessarily smart, include composites such as carbon-fibre and glass-fibre reinforced plastic, graphene and other nanomaterials, technical and smart textiles, liquid crystals and bio-based plastics. Engineers choose materials by their properties, cost and effect on the environment.
- The Design Process: From Problem to Product – The design process is a loop of steps designers use to solve a real problem for real people: investigate the need, define it in a brief and a measurable specification, generate many ideas, build a prototype, then test and evaluate it against the specification. Whatever fails sends you back round the loop. This repeating is called iteration, and it is how almost every product, app, building and artwork is improved.
3. Decorative-applied art
Decorative-applied art in project work
- What Is Design? Fields, Form and Function, and Design for Everyone – Design is planning something on purpose so that it does a job for people. It has many fields: product, graphic, fashion and textile, interior, landscape, architecture and digital (UX) design. Good design joins form (shape, colour, material) and function (the job it does): "form follows function". Designers use elements and principles, fit objects to the human body (ergonomics), and try to make things that work for everyone (inclusive design) and do less harm to the planet (sustainable design).
4. Project work at home
Living space and personal style · Household appliances · Responsible consumption · Career self-determination
- Home Economics: Making a Home Work Well – Home economics is about managing a home's resources (space, time, money, energy and skills) so that everyone living there is healthy, safe and happy. It includes planning and sharing home activities, organising a living space by simple design rules, choosing storage, keeping things in repair, knowing when to call a professional, and making a home that is both useful and pleasant.
- Household Appliances: Types, Power and Safe Use – Home appliances turn electrical energy into heat, motion, cold or light. The label shows voltage and power in watts (W). Energy used = power × time, counted in kilowatt-hours (units). Smart plugs and timers switch appliances by schedule or by phone. Safe use means dry hands, a matching socket, no overloaded boards, and regular cleaning and checking of wires.
- Consumer Education: How to Be a Smart Buyer – A consumer is anyone who buys or uses goods and services. Smart buying starts with sorting needs (must have) from wants (nice to have). Rational consumption compares benefit with cost, counts the opportunity cost (what else the money could buy) and stays inside a budget. Sellers use psychology: anchor prices (a big crossed-out price), bandwagon ('everyone has it'), rush (countdowns), 99-endings and celebrity ads; teens are a key target online. Clicking 'I agree' makes a contract, so read terms, auto-renewal, cancel and refund rules. Read labels: price per unit, expiry, ingredients, allergens, nutrition and safety marks. Consumers have rights (safety, information, choice, to be heard, redress, education, basic needs, clean environment) and duties (keep bills, check marks, complain properly, buy sustainably). Together, consumers shape culture: what we buy decides what gets made.
- Career Planning: From Knowing Yourself to Your First Job – Career planning has five steps. 1) Know yourself: interests, skills and values. 2) Explore career families and find out the work, study needed, pay and demand. 3) Plan a pathway with SMART goals and a plan B. 4) Search for jobs with a CV, cover letter, digital portfolio and interview practice. 5) Make the move from school to work and keep learning, because careers change over a lifetime.