Ukraine 10 клас Informatics (profile level)
Chapters: 5
1. Programming language and data structures
Programming fundamentals · Functions and recursion · Data structures · Libraries, GUI and OOP basics
- Python Basics: Modes, Variables, Data Types and Operators – Python runs in interactive mode (one line at a time) or script mode (a saved .py file). Blocks are shown by indentation. Variables are names tied to values; every value has a data type, and some types are mutable. Operators build expressions that Python works out by precedence. input() reads text, int()/float()/str() convert types, and debugging fixes syntax, runtime and logical errors.
- Recursion: Functions That Call Themselves – Recursion is when a function solves a problem by calling itself on a smaller version of the same problem. Every recursive function needs a base case, where it stops and returns an answer directly, and a recursive case that moves closer to the base case. Each call gets its own stack frame on the call stack; frames are removed as calls return.
- Lists in Python: Create, Traverse, Change and List Methods – A list is an ordered, changeable collection written in square brackets, like [10, 20, 30]. Items are reached by index (from 0, or negative from the end) and slices. We traverse a list with a for loop, change items in place because lists are mutable, and use functions (len, max, min, sum, sorted, list) and methods (append, insert, extend, remove, pop, sort, reverse, count, index, clear) to work with it.
- Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) – Object-oriented programming builds a program out of objects. A class is a blueprint that lists the data (attributes) and actions (methods) its objects will have. Each object is made from a class and keeps its own data. The four big ideas are encapsulation (hide data behind methods), inheritance (a new class reuses an old one), polymorphism (the same method call behaves in the right way for each object) and abstraction (show only what is needed).
2. Modern information technologies
IT in society · Information security
- Information Systems – An information system (IS) is a set of people, hardware, software, data, networks and procedures that work together to collect, store, process and share information. It turns raw data into useful information through a chain: capture, encode, send, store, process and present. Systems are built in a cycle (plan, analyse, design, build, test, run and improve). They make work faster and let many people share knowledge, but they cost money, can fail, can be hacked and can make an organisation rigid.
- Cybersecurity: Threats and How We Stop Them – Cybersecurity protects computers, networks and data. It aims for confidentiality, integrity and availability (the CIA triad). Common threats are malware, phishing and social engineering, brute-force password attacks and denial of service. Defences include strong authentication, encryption, firewalls, anti-malware software, updates, access control and backups.
3. Data analysis and visualisation
Spreadsheet modelling · Statistics and visualisation
- Data Visualisation: Turning Numbers into Pictures – Data visualisation means showing data as a picture so patterns are easy to see. Use a bar chart to compare categories, a pie chart for parts of a whole, a line chart for change over time, a scatter plot for the relationship between two numbers, and a histogram for how values are spread. A good chart has a title, labelled axes with units, and an honest scale that starts at 0 for bars.
4. Electronic publications
Documents and publishing
- Desktop Publishing – Desktop publishing (DTP) means using a computer to arrange text, pictures and graphics on a page so that a document looks clear and professional. You set margins and columns, place text and picture frames, choose fonts and colours, and then export a file for print (CMYK, bleed, crop marks) or for a screen (e-book).
5. Graphics and multimedia
Raster and vector graphics · Computer animation
- Raster Graphics – A raster picture is a grid of tiny coloured squares called pixels. Each pixel stores three numbers (R, G, B) from 0 to 255. Editing means changing those numbers: retouching, layers and masks, filters and colour correction. Vector graphics use shapes and maths instead. AI image tools also make raster pictures, so we must use them honestly.
- Animation: How Still Pictures Start to Move – Animation is a row of still pictures (frames) shown quickly one after another. The eye and brain join them, so we see motion. Frame rate (fps) says how many frames are shown each second: more fps = smoother motion. Key frames hold the main poses; in-betweens fill the gaps (tweening). Main types: hand-drawn (frame by frame), stop motion (paper cut-outs, clay), 2D computer, 3D computer. Raster animation stores pixels; vector animation stores shapes as maths, so it scales without blur.