Russia 9 класс History (General History and History of Russia)

1. General history: 19th – early 20th century

Industrial age · Europe and America in the first half of the 19th century · The West in the late 19th – early 20th century · Asia, Africa, Latin America · International relations · Culture and science

• The Age of Industrialisation – Before factories, merchants gave raw material to peasant families who spun and wove at home (proto-industrialisation). From the 1760s Britain built cotton mills, machines like the spinning jenny and James Watt's improved steam engine. Change was slow: hand labour stayed cheap and common. In India, weavers once supplied world markets; the East India Company controlled them through gomasthas, and Manchester cloth later flooded India. From 1854 Indian mills grew in Bombay and elsewhere, and small workshops also grew. Makers sold goods through labels, calendars and adverts, and swadeshi adverts appealed to national pride.
• The Rise of Nationalism in Europe – Before 1789, Europe was split into many kingdoms and people were loyal to a king. The French Revolution said power belongs to the people, who form one nation. Napoleon spread equal laws. After 1815 kings came back, but liberals, romantic writers and hungry common people pushed for nation-states in 1830 and 1848. Germany (1871) and Italy (1861) were built by joining many small states. Nations were shown as women figures like Marianne and Germania. By 1914, nationalism mixed with imperial rivalry, and the Balkans tension led to the First World War.
• Imperialism: Why Empires Grew and How People Resisted – Imperialism is when a powerful state takes control over other lands and peoples, by war, treaties or money. Colonialism is one form: ruling a colony directly. Between about 1870 and 1914 ('New Imperialism') industrial powers raced for colonies in Africa, Asia and the Pacific. They wanted raw materials, markets, places to invest, ports and prestige, and excused it with racist ideas. Control grew from trading posts to unequal treaties to full colonies. The colonies were drained: raw materials left cheap, factory goods came back, local industry fell. People resisted with revolts, reforms and mass movements, and most colonies were free by the 1970s. The borders and inequalities left behind still shape the world.
• International Relations in History: Wars, Alliances and Peace – International relations is the story of how states deal with each other. The Thirty Years' War (1618 to 1648) ended with the Peace of Westphalia, which made each state the ruler of its own land. In the 1700s great powers fought colonial wars and divided weak neighbours. Before 1914 two alliance camps turned one quarrel into a world war. In the 1930s giving in to aggression (appeasement) failed. After 1945 two blocs, new institutions such as the UN, and the end of empires shaped the world, and new powers and global problems define it today.

2. History of Russia: Nicholas I

Domestic policy of Nicholas I · Peoples and religions · Foreign policy and Crimean War · Social thought · Culture of the first half of the 19th century

Coming soon

3. History of Russia: Alexander II

Great Reforms · Foreign policy

• Russian Foreign Policy, 1725–1881 – From 1725 to 1881 Russia's foreign policy chased four goals: sea access (Baltic and Black Sea), balance among the great powers of Europe, support for Christian peoples in the Balkans, and safe, distant borders. Key events: the Seven Years' War, the Turkish wars of Catherine II, the sharing of Poland, Alaska's sale and the 1877–78 Balkan war.

4. History of Russia: 1880s–1890s

Alexander III · Economy · Culture of the second half of the 19th century · Ethnocultural image of the empire · Public life and social movements

Coming soon

5. History of Russia: early 20th century

Russia at the turn of the century · Russo-Japanese War · First Russian Revolution · Stolypin reforms · Silver Age

Coming soon

6. Our region

Local history 19th – early 20th c.

Coming soon