Ukraine 9 клас History of Ukraine

Chapters: 9

1. Introduction: the 'long' 19th century

Modern era in Ukraine and the world

Periodisation: How Historians Divide Time into Periods – Periodisation means cutting the long line of time into named periods so we can study it. Years are counted BCE (before) and CE (after) year 1, and grouped into centuries. A common scheme has four great periods: Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the early modern period and the modern/contemporary period, separated by turning points such as 476, 1453 or 1492, and 1789. Other schemes use dynasties, technology ages or regional divisions. Periods are useful tools chosen by historians, not natural facts.

2. Ukrainian lands in the Russian Empire, late 18th – first half of 19th c.

Administration and economy · Beginning of the national movement

The Industrial Revolution: Causes, Effects and Reform (1760–1914) – Between about 1760 and 1914 work moved from hand tools at home to machines in factories. A first wave (about 1760–1840) began in Britain with coal, iron, steam power and cotton mills. A second wave (about 1870–1914) brought steel, electricity, chemicals and oil, and spread to Western Europe, the United States, Japan and Russia. Towns grew fast; workers faced long hours, child labour and dirty housing. Workers organised in unions, new ideas (liberalism, socialism, conservatism) argued about what to do, and governments slowly passed factory, health and voting reforms.
National Movements: From Folk Songs to Self-Rule – A nation is a large group of people who feel they belong together because of a shared language, culture, history or wish to govern themselves. In the 19th century most people lived in big multi-ethnic empires. National movements usually grew in three stages: scholars revived the language and history (A), activists built societies, schools and newspapers (B), and then ordinary people joined parties and mass protests (C). Empires answered with reform or repression. The same pattern spread to Asia and Africa, where nationalism became a struggle against colonial rule and led to many new states after 1945.

3. Ukrainian lands in the Austrian Empire, late 18th – first half of 19th c.

Western Ukrainian regions under Austria · National revival and 1848

The Early Modern Period: How the World Changed from 1450 to 1800 – The early modern period runs from about 1450 to 1800, between the Middle Ages and the modern age. Printing spread ideas fast. Ocean voyages joined the continents through trade and colonies. The Reformation split Western Christianity. Big empires and new kinds of states grew. The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment changed how people thought about nature, rulers and rights.
National Movements: From Folk Songs to Self-Rule – A nation is a large group of people who feel they belong together because of a shared language, culture, history or wish to govern themselves. In the 19th century most people lived in big multi-ethnic empires. National movements usually grew in three stages: scholars revived the language and history (A), activists built societies, schools and newspapers (B), and then ordinary people joined parties and mass protests (C). Empires answered with reform or repression. The same pattern spread to Asia and Africa, where nationalism became a struggle against colonial rule and led to many new states after 1945.

4. Everyday life and culture, late 18th – first half of 19th c.

Everyday life · Education, science and culture

Social History: How Ordinary People Lived – Social history studies the lives of ordinary people, not only kings, wars and treaties. It asks how people worked, lived, ate, dressed, married, worshipped, fell ill and had fun, and how society was divided into groups. Before modern times most societies were shaped like a pyramid: a small group of rulers and nobles, priests and rich families, a middle layer of townspeople, merchants and craftsmen, and a huge base of peasants, with some unfree people such as serfs or slaves. Villages ran their own communities; towns were places of markets, guilds and mixing between groups. Industrialisation moved people from farms to factories, created a working class and a growing middle class, and led to unions, new laws and later welfare states. Daily life changed with new light, transport, newspapers, schools and medicine. Social historians also look for 'hidden' people (women, the poor, minorities, migrants) and even at how feelings and customs changed.
Cultural History: How People's Ideas, Arts and Ways of Life Change – Cultural history is the part of history that studies how people thought, believed, created and lived, not only what kings and armies did. It looks at four pillars: beliefs and religion, arts (literature, music, painting, buildings), knowledge (education, science, technology) and daily life (food, clothing, family, festivals, leisure). Historians use sources such as objects, buildings, books, paintings and letters. Culture changes when ideas are exchanged along trade routes and through travel, missions and migration, as with paper, numerals and faiths. New technologies like printing, newspapers, radio and the internet made knowledge spread faster, and mass schooling raised world literacy from about 12% in 1820 to about 87% today. In every country the same pattern repeats: national schools, universities, science societies, writers and artists shape a people's identity.

5. Ukrainian lands in the Russian Empire, second half of 19th c.

Reforms and modernisation · National movement: hromada stage

The Industrial Revolution: Causes, Effects and Reform (1760–1914) – Between about 1760 and 1914 work moved from hand tools at home to machines in factories. A first wave (about 1760–1840) began in Britain with coal, iron, steam power and cotton mills. A second wave (about 1870–1914) brought steel, electricity, chemicals and oil, and spread to Western Europe, the United States, Japan and Russia. Towns grew fast; workers faced long hours, child labour and dirty housing. Workers organised in unions, new ideas (liberalism, socialism, conservatism) argued about what to do, and governments slowly passed factory, health and voting reforms.
National Movements: From Folk Songs to Self-Rule – A nation is a large group of people who feel they belong together because of a shared language, culture, history or wish to govern themselves. In the 19th century most people lived in big multi-ethnic empires. National movements usually grew in three stages: scholars revived the language and history (A), activists built societies, schools and newspapers (B), and then ordinary people joined parties and mass protests (C). Empires answered with reform or repression. The same pattern spread to Asia and Africa, where nationalism became a struggle against colonial rule and led to many new states after 1945.

6. Ukrainian lands in Austria-Hungary, second half of 19th c.

Political and economic change · National-political currents

Paths to Modernisation: Japan, China and Korea – Japan, China and Korea all became modern, but by different paths. Japan, opened by US ships in 1853, began the Meiji reforms in 1868: railways, factories, schools and a strong army under the emperor. It then grew into an empire, fought the Second World War and was defeated in 1945. Under US occupation it got a peaceful constitution and rebuilt into a rich country (1964 Olympics). China ended the rule of emperors in 1911 under Sun Yat-sen; after years of civil war and Japanese invasion Mao's Communist Party won in 1949. Mao's Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution hurt the economy. From 1978 Deng Xiaoping opened markets under the Four Modernisations, and China grew fast. Korea was a Japanese colony (1910–45), was split in two and suffered a war (1950–53); South Korea then grew through export factories and became a democracy in 1987.
National Movements: From Folk Songs to Self-Rule – A nation is a large group of people who feel they belong together because of a shared language, culture, history or wish to govern themselves. In the 19th century most people lived in big multi-ethnic empires. National movements usually grew in three stages: scholars revived the language and history (A), activists built societies, schools and newspapers (B), and then ordinary people joined parties and mass protests (C). Empires answered with reform or repression. The same pattern spread to Asia and Africa, where nationalism became a struggle against colonial rule and led to many new states after 1945.

7. Ukraine in the early 20th century

Economy at the start of the 20th c. · National movement: political stage

Paths to Modernisation: Japan, China and Korea – Japan, China and Korea all became modern, but by different paths. Japan, opened by US ships in 1853, began the Meiji reforms in 1868: railways, factories, schools and a strong army under the emperor. It then grew into an empire, fought the Second World War and was defeated in 1945. Under US occupation it got a peaceful constitution and rebuilt into a rich country (1964 Olympics). China ended the rule of emperors in 1911 under Sun Yat-sen; after years of civil war and Japanese invasion Mao's Communist Party won in 1949. Mao's Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution hurt the economy. From 1978 Deng Xiaoping opened markets under the Four Modernisations, and China grew fast. Korea was a Japanese colony (1910–45), was split in two and suffered a war (1950–53); South Korea then grew through export factories and became a democracy in 1987.
National Movements: From Folk Songs to Self-Rule – A nation is a large group of people who feel they belong together because of a shared language, culture, history or wish to govern themselves. In the 19th century most people lived in big multi-ethnic empires. National movements usually grew in three stages: scholars revived the language and history (A), activists built societies, schools and newspapers (B), and then ordinary people joined parties and mass protests (C). Empires answered with reform or repression. The same pattern spread to Asia and Africa, where nationalism became a struggle against colonial rule and led to many new states after 1945.

8. Everyday life and culture, mid-19th – early 20th c.

Everyday life · Education, science and arts

Social History: How Ordinary People Lived – Social history studies the lives of ordinary people, not only kings, wars and treaties. It asks how people worked, lived, ate, dressed, married, worshipped, fell ill and had fun, and how society was divided into groups. Before modern times most societies were shaped like a pyramid: a small group of rulers and nobles, priests and rich families, a middle layer of townspeople, merchants and craftsmen, and a huge base of peasants, with some unfree people such as serfs or slaves. Villages ran their own communities; towns were places of markets, guilds and mixing between groups. Industrialisation moved people from farms to factories, created a working class and a growing middle class, and led to unions, new laws and later welfare states. Daily life changed with new light, transport, newspapers, schools and medicine. Social historians also look for 'hidden' people (women, the poor, minorities, migrants) and even at how feelings and customs changed.
Cultural History: How People's Ideas, Arts and Ways of Life Change – Cultural history is the part of history that studies how people thought, believed, created and lived, not only what kings and armies did. It looks at four pillars: beliefs and religion, arts (literature, music, painting, buildings), knowledge (education, science, technology) and daily life (food, clothing, family, festivals, leisure). Historians use sources such as objects, buildings, books, paintings and letters. Culture changes when ideas are exchanged along trade routes and through travel, missions and migration, as with paper, numerals and faiths. New technologies like printing, newspapers, radio and the internet made knowledge spread faster, and mass schooling raised world literacy from about 12% in 1820 to about 87% today. In every country the same pattern repeats: national schools, universities, science societies, writers and artists shape a people's identity.

9. Conclusion

Summary of the 'long' 19th century

Periodisation: How Historians Divide Time into Periods – Periodisation means cutting the long line of time into named periods so we can study it. Years are counted BCE (before) and CE (after) year 1, and grouped into centuries. A common scheme has four great periods: Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the early modern period and the modern/contemporary period, separated by turning points such as 476, 1453 or 1492, and 1789. Other schemes use dynasties, technology ages or regional divisions. Periods are useful tools chosen by historians, not natural facts.