Ukraine 8 клас Informatics
Chapters: 5
1. Information and information literacy: models and data structures
Modelling and simulation · Data and its structure
- Computer Simulation – A model is a simplified description of a real system that keeps only what matters. A computer simulation runs that model step by step in time to see what would happen. It has variables (the state), rules (how the state changes), parameters (numbers we can set) and often randomness, so we repeat runs and average. We check a simulation against real data (validation). Simulations are used for weather, traffic, disease spread, flight training and design, because they are cheaper, safer and faster than real tests, but they are only as good as their model and data.
- Data Compression – Compression makes a file smaller so it uses less storage and travels faster. Lossless compression (RLE, Huffman, dictionary methods, ZIP, PNG) gives back exactly the original data. Lossy compression (JPEG, MP3, MP4) removes detail people hardly notice, so files get much smaller but the lost detail cannot return. Compression ratio = original size ÷ compressed size.
2. Digital safety
Law and ethics of technology · Protecting data and devices
- Data Protection and Intellectual Property Rights – Intellectual property (IP) is a creation of the mind, such as a story, song, program, invention or logo. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) give the creator control over its use. Copyright protects creative works (text, music, art, software code) automatically once created; a patent protects a new, useful invention for about 20 years and must be applied for; a trademark protects brand names, logos and slogans. Plagiarism is presenting someone else's work as your own without credit. Infringement is using protected IP without permission (copyright, patent or trademark infringement). Public licences let creators share on their own terms: Creative Commons (BY, SA, NC, ND) for creative works, and software licences such as GPL (copyleft: modified versions must stay open) and Apache (permissive: can be used in closed products with notices).
- Cyber Crime and Cyber Safety – Cyber crime is any crime that uses a computer, phone or the internet as a tool or target. Common forms: hacking (breaking into a system without permission; ethical hackers test security with permission), eavesdropping (secretly intercepting communication), phishing (fake emails, SMS or websites that trick you into giving passwords, OTPs or card details), ransomware (malware that locks or encrypts files and demands money), cyber trolls (people who post provoking, offensive messages) and cyberbullying (harassing, threatening or humiliating someone online). Malware includes viruses (attach to files and spread), worms (spread by themselves), trojans (look useful but open a back door), spyware and adware (unwanted pop-up ads, often tracking). Safe browsing: https sites, updated software, antivirus and firewall, no unknown links or downloads. Identity protection: strong unique passwords, two-factor authentication, never sharing OTPs, careful sharing of personal details, and logging out on shared devices.
3. Communication and interaction
Publishing and collaborating online
- Research Skills: From a Question to a Finished Project – Research is a careful way of finding an answer. You ask a clear, focused question, plan how to answer it, find information and check that each source can be trusted, collect and analyse your own data, draw a conclusion that the evidence supports, and share it while crediting every source you used.
4. Digital creativity
Raster graphics · Automated text documents · Multimedia
- Raster Graphics – A raster picture is a grid of tiny coloured squares called pixels. Each pixel stores three numbers (R, G, B) from 0 to 255. Editing means changing those numbers: retouching, layers and masks, filters and colour correction. Vector graphics use shapes and maths instead. AI image tools also make raster pictures, so we must use them honestly.
- Word Processing: Making Clear, Well-Formatted Documents – A word processor (like LibreOffice Writer, Microsoft Word or Google Docs) is a program for typing, editing, formatting, saving and printing text documents. You change letters with character formatting (font, size, bold, colour), whole paragraphs with paragraph formatting (alignment, spacing, indents, lists), and the whole document with page setup and styles. Styles let the program build a table of contents automatically. You can add tables, pictures, headers, footers, page numbers, footnotes, citations and a bibliography, and use mail merge to make many personal letters from one template.
5. Problem solving
Spreadsheets: data analysis · AI and data · Programming: working with data
- Artificial Intelligence: How Machines Learn to Think – Artificial intelligence (AI) is the skill of a computer system to do tasks that normally need human thinking: seeing, understanding speech, deciding and learning. An AI system is an agent that senses, thinks and acts. Old AI followed rules written by people. Modern AI mostly uses machine learning: it finds its own rule from many labelled examples (data). Neural networks are layers of simple units whose link strengths (weights) change during training. AI is used in maps, translation, health, farming and games. It can be wrong or unfair when its data is one-sided (bias), so people must check it, protect privacy and stay responsible.
- Arrays and Lists: Storing Many Values in One Name – An array is a row of numbered boxes that share one name. Each box holds one value and has an index that starts at 0. We read or change a box with its index, visit every box with a loop (traversal), and use that loop for standard algorithms: sum, average, largest, count and linear search. A 2D array is a grid of rows and columns, read with two indexes and two nested loops. A fixed array has a set length; a list (Python list, Java ArrayList) can grow and shrink.