Ukraine 10 клас Informatics
Chapters: 15
1. Base module: IT in society
Information society · Security and e-government
- Information Systems – An information system (IS) is a set of people, hardware, software, data, networks and procedures that work together to collect, store, process and share information. It turns raw data into useful information through a chain: capture, encode, send, store, process and present. Systems are built in a cycle (plan, analyse, design, build, test, run and improve). They make work faster and let many people share knowledge, but they cost money, can fail, can be hacked and can make an organisation rigid.
- Digital Footprints and Netiquette – A digital footprint is the trail of data we leave online. Active footprints are shared on purpose (posts, comments, forms); passive footprints are collected without us noticing (cookies, browsing history, location, IP address). Footprints are hard to erase and can be seen by others later. We live in a digital society where learning, banking, shopping and government services are online; a responsible user of it is a digital citizen (netizen). Net etiquette means being ethical (respect copyright, share reliable information), respectful (privacy, diversity, no bullying) and responsible (avoid oversharing, don't feed trolls). Communication etiquette asks us to be precise, polite and credible; social media etiquette asks us to choose passwords and privacy settings wisely, think before uploading, and verify before sharing.
2. Base module: models, data analysis and visualisation
Computer modelling · Statistical analysis and visualisation
- Computer Simulation – A model is a simplified description of a real system that keeps only what matters. A computer simulation runs that model step by step in time to see what would happen. It has variables (the state), rules (how the state changes), parameters (numbers we can set) and often randomness, so we repeat runs and average. We check a simulation against real data (validation). Simulations are used for weather, traffic, disease spread, flight training and design, because they are cheaper, safer and faster than real tests, but they are only as good as their model and data.
- Data Visualisation: Turning Numbers into Pictures – Data visualisation means showing data as a picture so patterns are easy to see. Use a bar chart to compare categories, a pie chart for parts of a whole, a line chart for change over time, a scatter plot for the relationship between two numbers, and a histogram for how values are spread. A good chart has a title, labelled axes with units, and an honest scale that starts at 0 for bars.
3. Base module: database systems
Relational databases
- Database Concepts: DBMS, Relations and Keys – Keeping data in separate files causes duplication, inconsistency and poor security. A database stores related data in one organised place, and a DBMS (like MySQL) is the software that manages it. In the relational model, data is kept in tables (relations) made of columns (attributes) and rows (tuples); a domain is the set of allowed values of a column. A candidate key uniquely identifies each row; one is chosen as the primary key and the others are alternate keys.
4. Base module: multimedia and hypertext
Web resources
- Web Development: How HTML, CSS and JavaScript Build a Web Page – A web page is a set of text files. The browser (client) asks a server for them using a URL and HTTP. HTML gives the page its structure: headings, paragraphs, links, images, lists, tables and forms. CSS gives style: colours, fonts, spacing and layout. JavaScript gives behaviour: it reacts to clicks and changes the page. Responsive design makes one page fit both phones and computers. Good pages are also accessible, fast and safe.
5. Elective: graphic design (35 h)
Design and visual communication · Raster and vector graphics · Branding and print design
- Graphic Design – Graphic design is planning pictures, words and shapes so that a message is clear, useful and attractive. Designers use elements (line, shape, colour, type, image, space) and principles (alignment and grid, hierarchy, contrast, proximity, repetition, balance and white space). They follow a process: brief, research, ideas, sketches, digital drafts, feedback and final artwork. Graphic design is used in posters, logos, book covers, packaging, signs, websites and apps.
- Raster Graphics – A raster picture is a grid of tiny coloured squares called pixels. Each pixel stores three numbers (R, G, B) from 0 to 255. Editing means changing those numbers: retouching, layers and masks, filters and colour correction. Vector graphics use shapes and maths instead. AI image tools also make raster pictures, so we must use them honestly.
- Desktop Publishing – Desktop publishing (DTP) means using a computer to arrange text, pictures and graphics on a page so that a document looks clear and professional. You set margins and columns, place text and picture frames, choose fonts and colours, and then export a file for print (CMYK, bleed, crop marks) or for a screen (e-book).
6. Elective: computer animation (35 h)
Raster and vector animation
- Animation: How Still Pictures Start to Move – Animation is a row of still pictures (frames) shown quickly one after another. The eye and brain join them, so we see motion. Frame rate (fps) says how many frames are shown each second: more fps = smoother motion. Key frames hold the main poses; in-betweens fill the gaps (tweening). Main types: hand-drawn (frame by frame), stop motion (paper cut-outs, clay), 2D computer, 3D computer. Raster animation stores pixels; vector animation stores shapes as maths, so it scales without blur.
7. Elective: 3D modelling (35 h)
3D modelling and rendering
- 3D Modelling: From a Cube to a Printed Object – A 3D model is a shape stored in a computer as points (vertices) joined by edges into flat faces: a mesh. We build models by starting from simple shapes (primitives), moving, rotating and scaling them, and pulling faces out (extrude). Then we add materials and lights and the computer renders a picture. The same model can be sliced into thin layers and built by a 3D printer, or used in games, films, VR and product design.
8. Elective: mathematical foundations of informatics (35 h)
Number systems and data representation · Logic and information theory
- Number Systems and Encoding – A number system is a way to write numbers using a set of digits and a base. Decimal (base 10) uses 0–9, binary (base 2) uses 0 and 1, octal (base 8) uses 0–7, and hexadecimal (base 16) uses 0–9 and A–F. To go from decimal to any base, divide repeatedly by the base and read remainders bottom to top; for fractions, multiply by the base and read the integer parts top to bottom. To go to decimal, multiply each digit by its place value and add. Binary ↔ octal uses groups of 3 bits, binary ↔ hex groups of 4. Text is stored with encoding schemes: ASCII (7-bit, 128 characters), ISCII (8-bit, Indian scripts) and Unicode (every script), stored as UTF-8 (1–4 bytes) or UTF-32 (4 bytes).
- Boolean Logic – Boolean logic works with only two values: 1 (true) and 0 (false). Logic gates act on them: NOT flips a value; AND gives 1 only if all inputs are 1; OR gives 1 if any input is 1; NAND and NOR are the opposites of AND and OR; XOR gives 1 when inputs differ. A truth table lists the output for every input combination (2ⁿ rows for n inputs). De Morgan's laws: (A·B)' = A' + B' and (A + B)' = A'·B'. Gates joined together form logic circuits that match Boolean expressions.
9. Elective: information security (17 h)
Threats and protection
- Cybersecurity: Threats and How We Stop Them – Cybersecurity protects computers, networks and data. It aims for confidentiality, integrity and availability (the CIA triad). Common threats are malware, phishing and social engineering, brute-force password attacks and denial of service. Defences include strong authentication, encryption, firewalls, anti-malware software, updates, access control and backups.
10. Elective: web technologies (35 h)
Web development
- Web Development: How HTML, CSS and JavaScript Build a Web Page – A web page is a set of text files. The browser (client) asks a server for them using a URL and HTTP. HTML gives the page its structure: headings, paragraphs, links, images, lists, tables and forms. CSS gives style: colours, fonts, spacing and layout. JavaScript gives behaviour: it reacts to clicks and changes the page. Responsive design makes one page fit both phones and computers. Good pages are also accessible, fast and safe.
11. Elective: electronic document management (17 h)
Documents and e-document flow
- Electronic Documents and E-Document Flow – A document is a record of facts with a title, number, date, text, signature and stamp. A template keeps documents uniform. Scanners, computers, printers and cloud storage move a document between paper and files. An electronic signature uses a private key to sign and a public key to check, so any change is caught. OCR turns a picture of text into editable text. Keep 3 copies on 2 kinds of storage with 1 away from home, and use passwords, access rights and encryption.
12. Elective: databases (35 h)
Database design and SQL
- SQL with MySQL: Create Tables, Change Rows and Ask Questions – SQL (Structured Query Language) is the language used to talk to a relational DBMS like MySQL. DDL commands (CREATE, ALTER, DROP) define tables; DML commands (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) change rows; DQL (SELECT) reads data. Each column has a data type such as INT, FLOAT, CHAR, VARCHAR or DATE. SELECT … WHERE filters rows using relational operators, BETWEEN, AND/OR/NOT and IS NULL.
13. Elective: formal logic (35 h)
Concepts, statements and laws · Reasoning and argument
- Logic: How Good Arguments Work – Logic studies good reasoning. An argument has premises (reasons) and a conclusion; inference is the step between them. In a deductive argument, if the premises are true the conclusion must be true; such an argument is valid, and it is sound if the premises really are true. One counterexample shows an argument form is invalid. Inductive arguments move from observed cases to a general or likely conclusion; they are strong or weak, never certain. Categorical propositions (A, E, I, O) and simple predicate logic (∀, ∃) help us write arguments precisely and spot fallacies.
14. Elective: computer sound processing (35 h)
Digital audio and MIDI
- Music Technology: from Sound to Digital Music – Music technology turns sound into signals and numbers we can record, edit and share. A microphone changes air vibrations into a voltage; an audio interface samples it many thousands of times a second (sample rate) and stores each sample as a number (bit depth). A DAW arranges audio and MIDI tracks, and mixing sets each track's level, pan and effects before the music reaches speakers, films, games or streaming.
15. Elective: creative programming (35 h)
Creative coding
- Creative Coding: Making Art with Programs – Creative coding means writing programs to make pictures, animation, sound or interactive art. You draw on a canvas with x and y coordinates, where (0, 0) is the top-left corner and y grows downwards. Colours are three numbers (red, green, blue). Loops repeat shapes into patterns, random numbers make every run different (generative art), recursion draws fractals, and events such as a mouse click or a sensor reading let the viewer change the work. Tools like p5.js, Processing, Scratch and Python turtle are made for this.