Russia 7 класс Informatics (advanced)
Chapters: 4
1. Digital literacy
Computer · Software and files · Networks and safety
- Basic Computer Organisation – A computer system has hardware (parts you can touch) and software (instructions). Input devices bring data in, the CPU (ALU + Control Unit + registers) processes it, and output devices give results. Memory forms a ladder: registers and cache are tiny and fastest, primary memory (RAM, ROM) holds running programs, and secondary storage (HDD, SSD, pen drive) keeps data permanently. Memory is measured in bits and bytes: 8 bits = 1 byte, and each bigger unit (KB, MB, GB, TB, PB) is 1024 times the one before.
- File Management: Files, Folders, Paths and Backups – A file is named data; its extension tells its type. The operating system keeps files in folders that form a tree, and a path is the route from a drive to a file. Good file management means clear names, a logical folder plan, the right drive (local, external, network or cloud), regular backups (3-2-1 rule), archiving old work and protecting files from malware.
- Computer Networks and How the Internet Works – A network is a group of devices linked to share data. Each device has an IP address. Data is cut into numbered packets. Routers pass each packet hop by hop towards its address, and TCP puts the packets back in order. DNS turns a website name into an IP address. Clients ask, servers answer. Firewalls, passwords, updates and encryption keep a network safe.
- How Networks Grew and How Data Travels – A computer network is a group of connected devices that share data. Networking began with ARPANET (1969), grew into NSFNET (1980s) for universities, and joined with other networks to become the Internet, a network of networks. Every data communication has five parts: sender, receiver, message, communication media and protocol. Bandwidth is the range of frequencies a channel can carry (in Hz); data rate is how many bits travel per second (bps). Every device on a network has an IP address. Data can move by circuit switching (a fixed path is booked first) or packet switching (data is cut into packets that travel on their own).
2. Theoretical foundations
Information and coding · Colour, image and sound coding
- Data Representation: How Computers Store Numbers, Text, Images and Sound – Data is raw facts; information is data given meaning; knowledge is information we can use. A computer stores all data as bits (0 or 1). 8 bits make a byte, and 1 kB = 1000 bytes, 1 MB = 1000 kB, 1 GB = 1000 MB, 1 TB = 1000 GB. Numbers are stored in binary, where place values double: 1, 2, 4, 8 and so on. Text uses a character set: in ASCII 'A' is 65; Unicode covers every script. A bitmap image is a grid of pixels; size = width × height × colour depth. Sound is sampled: size = sample rate × bit depth × seconds. Vector images store shapes instead of pixels. Compression makes files smaller: lossless keeps every bit, lossy throws some detail away.
3. Algorithms and programming
Algorithms and constructions · Algorithm analysis for executors
- Introduction to Problem Solving – Problem solving on a computer has stages: analyse the problem (inputs, outputs, rules), develop an algorithm (a finite, clear, ordered set of steps), code it in a programming language, test it with different inputs, and debug (find and remove errors). An algorithm can be shown as a flowchart (oval = start/stop, parallelogram = input/output, rectangle = process, diamond = decision, arrows = flow) or as pseudocode (structured plain English). Decomposition breaks a big problem into smaller sub-problems that are solved separately and then joined.
4. Information technologies
Text documents · Graphics and presentations
- Word Processing: Making Clear, Well-Formatted Documents – A word processor (like LibreOffice Writer, Microsoft Word or Google Docs) is a program for typing, editing, formatting, saving and printing text documents. You change letters with character formatting (font, size, bold, colour), whole paragraphs with paragraph formatting (alignment, spacing, indents, lists), and the whole document with page setup and styles. Styles let the program build a table of contents automatically. You can add tables, pictures, headers, footers, page numbers, footnotes, citations and a bibliography, and use mail merge to make many personal letters from one template.
- Digital Presentations – A digital presentation is a set of slides shown on a screen to support a talk. Good presentations are planned first (purpose, audience, storyboard). Each slide has one idea: a short title, a few key words, and a picture, chart or diagram that helps. Use a consistent design (slide master or theme), strong colour contrast and large fonts. Add graphics, charts, audio, video and hyperlinks only when they help the message, and give credit for images you did not make. Use transitions and animations sparingly. Finally rehearse with speaker notes, run the slide show, and share or print it in the right format (PDF, video, handouts).