Russia 7 класс Geography

Chapters: 4

1. Main regularities of Earth's nature

Geographic envelope · Lithosphere and relief · Atmosphere and climates · World Ocean

Landforms: How the Earth's Surface is Shaped – The Earth has layers: crust, mantle, outer core and inner core. The crust is broken into plates that move slowly. When plates push, pull or slide, they make mountains, valleys, earthquakes and volcanoes. On the surface, weathering breaks rocks and agents like rivers, wind, glaciers and waves carry the pieces away (erosion) and drop them (deposition). Sudden events like earthquakes, landslides, avalanches, GLOFs and duststorms are natural hazards we can prepare for.
Weather and Climate: From the Atmosphere to the Monsoon – The atmosphere is a blanket of air around the Earth: 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% other gases. It has five layers; all weather happens in the lowest, the troposphere. Weather is the state of the air on one day: temperature, pressure, wind, humidity, clouds and rain. Climate is the average weather of 30 years or more. India has four seasons, and the monsoon winds bring most of its rain. Burning fuels adds carbon dioxide, which warms the Earth and brings more floods and heatwaves. Our carbon footprint is how much of this gas our life adds.
Oceans: The Sea Floor, Moving Water and Life – Oceans cover about 71% of the Earth. Their floor has a shallow continental shelf, a steep slope, a deep plain, underwater ridges and very deep trenches. Water moves in three ways: waves (made by wind), tides (made by the Moon's pull) and currents (rivers in the sea, warm and cold). Oceans give fish, salt, oil, gas and trade routes, and millions of people earn their living from them. Cyclones and tsunamis are ocean hazards; early warning saves lives. International rules (UNCLOS) set how far a country's sea rights reach: 12 nautical miles of territorial sea and a 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zone.

2. Humanity on Earth

Population · Peoples and religions

The World Population: Distribution, Density and Growth – People are not spread evenly on Earth. Most live on fertile plains near water; few live in deserts, high mountains or icy lands. Density tells how many people live on each square km. Geographical, economic and social factors explain the pattern. The world grew slowly for thousands of years and then very fast after 1800. Population changes through births, deaths and migration. The demographic transition theory shows how birth and death rates fall as a society moves from rural farming to urban industry. Countries use family planning and health care to control growth.

3. Continents and countries

Southern continents · Northern continents

The Continents – Continents are the very large pieces of land on Earth, surrounded by oceans. We count 7: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Australia (Oceania). Asia and Europe form one landmass called Eurasia. North America and Eurasia are the northern continents. Africa, South America, Australia and Antarctica are the southern ones.

4. Nature and society

Nature and society

Sustainability – Sustainability means meeting our needs today without taking away the ability of future people to meet theirs. It rests on three pillars — environment, society and economy. A resource is used sustainably when we use it no faster than it renews. Today humanity uses about 1.7 Earths' worth of resources a year, and this use is very unequal. Stewardship, careful planning and spatial tools like GIS help us move towards sustainability.