Russia 10 класс Social Studies (basic)

1. Human and society

Consciousness and worldview · Cognition and truth · Activity and freedom · Society as a system

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2. Culture

Culture and cultural policy

• Culture and Socialisation: How We Learn to Live Together – Culture is the whole way of life that a group learns and shares: its ideas, rules and things. It is learned, not born with us. Culture has three sides: cognitive (what we know and believe), normative (rules for how to behave) and material (tools and objects). Socialisation is the lifelong process by which a baby becomes a member of society by learning this culture. It happens through agencies: family, peer group, school, mass media, and others like work, religion and community.

3. Economic life

Economics as a science · Market and competition · Entrepreneurship · Russian economy and state

• Economics Basics: How People, Firms and the State Choose – Economics is the science of how people, firms and governments use limited resources to meet unlimited wants. Needs are met by goods and services (free vs economic goods, consumer vs capital goods, private vs public goods). Because of scarcity, every society answers What, How and For whom to produce. Three economic agents act: households (work, consume, save), firms (produce and sell to earn profit = revenue − cost) and the state (rules, taxes, public services). Economics uses methods like observation, models and statistics; it splits into microeconomics (one household, firm, market) and macroeconomics (whole economy: GDP, unemployment, inflation, cycles). Social goals include growth, full employment, stable prices, fair income sharing and sustainability.
• Perfect Competition and Price Determination – In perfect competition, very many firms sell the same product to very many buyers, so each firm is a price taker. The market price is set where market demand equals market supply (Qd = Qs). If demand rises, price and quantity both rise; if supply rises, price falls and quantity rises.
• Entrepreneurship Development – Entrepreneurship is starting a new business by spotting a need, putting resources together and taking the risk. India needs entrepreneurs for jobs, new ideas and balanced growth. The process runs from knowing yourself to launching and growing. Start-up India (2016) supports new firms, funding comes from savings, angels, venture capital, banks and crowdfunding, and intellectual property rights protect new ideas, brands and creative work.

4. Political life

Politics and power

• Political Theory: An Introduction – Politics is how people decide together: who gets what, who makes the rules and how. It happens in homes, schools and the whole country, not only in parties. Political theory studies the big ideas behind this: freedom, equality, justice, rights, democracy and secularism. It asks what each idea means and why it matters. These ideas are not just talk: they went into our Constitution and laws and shape daily life. We study political theory to test our own views, understand others, argue with reasons and become thoughtful citizens.

5. Legal system of Russia

Civil law · Family law · Labour, administrative, environmental law · Criminal law · Procedural law

• Civil Law: Rights and Duties Between People – Civil law (private law) is the part of law that governs relations between ordinary persons: people, companies and sometimes the state when it acts like a private party. It covers who can have rights (legal persons and their capacity), things and property, obligations (duties that come from contracts or from causing harm), family and inheritance. When someone breaks a civil duty, the aim is not punishment but repair: the wronged person can ask a court for compensation (damages for real loss and lost profit), for the thing back, or for the wrong to stop. A tort is a civil wrong outside a contract, such as negligence that injures someone or damages their property. Usually the person at fault pays; children may be only partly liable, and parents or guardians may answer for them. Claims must be brought within a limit of time (the limitation period). Many countries collect these rules in a civil code; others build them mostly from court decisions; both protect the same basic ideas.
• Family Law: Marriage, Parents and Children – Family law is the part of private (civil) law that deals with marriage, the relationship between spouses, parents and children, divorce, maintenance, guardianship and adoption. In most countries a valid marriage needs two adults who freely agree, are not already married and are not close relatives, and it is registered. Spouses have equal rights and duties. Parents must care for, maintain and educate their children, and every decision about a child follows the principle of the child's best interests. Children without parental care are protected through guardianship, foster care and adoption.