Romania Clasa a XI-a History

Chapters: 5

1. Peoples and historical spaces

Europe and the world in the 20th century

The European Union – The European Union (EU) is a group of 27 European countries that share some decisions and laws. It began in 1951, when six countries pooled coal and steel to make war between them impossible. It grew step by step into a single market where goods, people, services and money move freely. The Commission proposes laws, the Parliament and the Council pass them, and the Court of Justice makes sure they are applied. 21 members share the euro. The United Kingdom left in 2020.

Economy and society after 1945 · Science and society

Migration – Migration is the movement of people from one place to another to live there, for some time or for good. The place left is the origin; the place reached is the destination. People move because of push factors (problems at home) and pull factors (attractions elsewhere), but obstacles like cost, distance and laws stop some. Migration can be internal or international, temporary or permanent, voluntary or forced, and it changes both the origin and the destination.
Philosophy of Technology: What Tools Do to Us – Technology is how humans make tools to change the world. Philosophers ask: do tools only extend our power, or do they also change how we see nature and ourselves? Is technical progress always real progress? Do we control our machines, or do they shape us? And where is the line between human and machine?

States in the contemporary period

Political Regimes: Democracy, Authoritarian and Totalitarian Rule – A political regime is the way power is held and used in a state. In a democracy power is shared and limited by free elections, many parties, independent courts and a free press. In a totalitarian regime one party and leader control everything. Authoritarian rule sits in between. After 1989 many states moved from one-party rule towards the rule of law.

Cooperation and conflict

International Relations: How States Deal with Each Other – International relations (IR) studies how states and other actors (international organisations, companies, NGOs) interact. States are sovereign and there is no world government, so each state follows its national interest through foreign policy: diplomacy, trade, aid, alliances and, at worst, force. Conflicts arise from clashing interests over territory, resources, power and identity, and from the security dilemma. Cooperation grows through mutual gain, treaties, international law and organisations. Realism stresses power and security; liberalism stresses cooperation, trade and institutions. Peace is built by negotiation, mediation, peacekeeping and justice.

Religion in the contemporary world

Coming soon