Poland Szkoła podstawowa, klasa VIII Physical education

Chapters: 9

1. General fitness exercises

Agility, core and strength training · Modern activities, technology and everyday movement

Physical Fitness – Physical fitness is the body's ability to do daily work, play and sport with energy to spare. It has five health-related components (heart-lung endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, body composition) and six skill-related ones (speed, agility, power, balance, coordination, reaction time). We improve it with a planned programme using FITT (frequency, intensity, time, type) and training principles like overload, progression, specificity, rest and reversibility.
Physical Activity and Health – Physical activity is any movement of the body that uses energy: walking, playing, cycling, dancing, doing chores. Children and teens need about 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous activity every day; adults need about 150 to 300 minutes a week. Intensity can be light, moderate or vigorous, and the talk test tells them apart. A good plan uses FITT (Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type), and technology like step counters and map apps can help. Activity makes the body, mind and social life healthier. Too little (a sedentary life) and too much without rest (overtraining) are both harmful, so balance activity with rest and sleep.

Main team games · Playing, refereeing and running tournaments

Team Sports: How Teams Attack, Defend and Play Fair – Team games are grouped as invasion games, net and wall games, and striking and fielding games. When your team has the ball you attack: spread out (width and depth), move into space and pass quickly. When the opponent has it you defend: get compact, stay goal-side, mark a player or guard a zone, and win the ball back fairly. Each player has a role, the team communicates all the time, and officials apply the rules so the game stays fair and safe.

Running events · Throwing and jumping

Athletics: Running, Jumping and Throwing – Athletics (track and field) is sport where performance is measured: races are timed, jumps and throws are measured in metres. Track events include sprints, middle and long distance, hurdles and relays. Jumps (long, triple, high, pole vault) have four phases: approach, take-off, flight and landing. Throws (shot put, discus, javelin, hammer) depend most on release speed, then on release angle and height. Clear rules on starts, lanes, lines and sectors keep it fair.

Creating a dance routine

Dance: Elements, Choreography and Forms – Dance is movement of the body, in space and time, with energy, used to express feelings, tell stories or celebrate. Every dance can be described with four elements: Body (what moves), Space (where: levels, directions, pathways), Time (when: tempo, rhythm, pause) and Energy (how: sharp or smooth, strong or light). Choreography is the art of arranging movement using devices such as motif, repetition, canon, unison, contrast and formations. Good performers train technique, safety and expression, and good audiences describe, analyse, interpret and judge what they see. Dance forms, from classical and folk to ballet and hip-hop, grow out of their culture and history.

Relaxation and calming techniques

Coming soon

Fitness tests and measuring devices

Fitness Testing: How We Measure Each Part of Fitness – A fitness test measures one component of fitness and gives a number. Each component has its own test: the multi-stage beep test for stamina, hand grip for strength, sit and reach for flexibility, a 30 m sprint for speed, the Illinois run for agility, jumps for power, the stork stand for balance, the ruler drop for reaction time and BMI for body composition. A good test is valid and reliable. Results are compared with norms and with your own earlier scores, tracked with simple devices, and used to plan training, including for job recruitment tests.

Fitness tests used in recruitment

Fitness Testing: How We Measure Each Part of Fitness – A fitness test measures one component of fitness and gives a number. Each component has its own test: the multi-stage beep test for stamina, hand grip for strength, sit and reach for flexibility, a 30 m sprint for speed, the Illinois run for agility, jumps for power, the stork stand for balance, the ruler drop for reaction time and BMI for body composition. A good test is valid and reliable. Results are compared with norms and with your own earlier scores, tracked with simple devices, and used to plan training, including for job recruitment tests.

Preventing injuries and staying safe outdoors

Sports Injuries: How They Happen, How to Prevent and Treat Them – A sports injury is damage to the body from sport or exercise. Acute injuries happen suddenly (a twisted ankle); chronic or overuse injuries build up slowly (shin splints). Soft tissue injuries hit muscles (strain), ligaments (sprain) and skin; hard tissue injuries hit bones (fracture) and joints (dislocation). Risk comes from inside you (fitness, past injury) and outside (weather, equipment, opponents). Warm-up, good technique, the right kit, rules and sensible training load prevent most injuries. Treat a soft tissue injury with RICE, then rehabilitate step by step before returning to play.

Olympism and fair play · Teamwork and communication · Emotions, inclusion and self-worth

Fair Play in Sport – Fair play means playing by the rules and in the spirit of the game: respecting opponents, officials, teammates and yourself. Rules set the field, time, scoring and what is not allowed, so everyone has an equal and safe chance. A game has roles: players, a captain, referees or umpires, coaches and spectators, each with duties. Sportsmanship includes shaking hands, helping a hurt opponent and accepting decisions; cheating, deliberate fouls, doping and match-fixing break fair play and are punished with cards, bans or worse. The Olympic movement links sport with values: excellence, friendship and respect (and the Paralympic values of courage, determination, inspiration and equality). Organising a fair event means choosing a format (knockout or round-robin), making a schedule, sharing roles and planning for safety.