Netherlands VWO 4 (bovenbouw, 2e fase) Movement, sport and society

1. Moving: activity areas

Games · Gymnastics · Moving to music · Athletics · Self-defence games · Chosen activities

• Team Sports: How Teams Attack, Defend and Play Fair – Team games are grouped as invasion games, net and wall games, and striking and fielding games. When your team has the ball you attack: spread out (width and depth), move into space and pass quickly. When the opponent has it you defend: get compact, stay goal-side, mark a player or guard a zone, and win the ball back fairly. Each player has a role, the team communicates all the time, and officials apply the rules so the game stays fair and safe.
• Gymnastics: Apparatus, Basic Skills, Balance and Safety – Gymnastics is a sport of controlled body movement: rolls, balances, jumps, swings and vaults on the floor and on apparatus. The main types are artistic, rhythmic, trampoline and acrobatic gymnastics. Two science ideas explain most skills: you stay balanced when your centre of gravity is above your base, and you spin faster when you pull your body into a tuck. Every skill is learned step by step, after a warm-up, on mats and with a spotter.
• Dance: Elements, Choreography and Forms – Dance is movement of the body, in space and time, with energy, used to express feelings, tell stories or celebrate. Every dance can be described with four elements: Body (what moves), Space (where: levels, directions, pathways), Time (when: tempo, rhythm, pause) and Energy (how: sharp or smooth, strong or light). Choreography is the art of arranging movement using devices such as motif, repetition, canon, unison, contrast and formations. Good performers train technique, safety and expression, and good audiences describe, analyse, interpret and judge what they see. Dance forms, from classical and folk to ballet and hip-hop, grow out of their culture and history.
• Athletics: Running, Jumping and Throwing – Athletics (track and field) is sport where performance is measured: races are timed, jumps and throws are measured in metres. Track events include sprints, middle and long distance, hurdles and relays. Jumps (long, triple, high, pole vault) have four phases: approach, take-off, flight and landing. Throws (shot put, discus, javelin, hammer) depend most on release speed, then on release angle and height. Clear rules on starts, lanes, lines and sectors keep it fair.
• Physical Education: Learn, Analyse and Improve a Skill – Physical education (PE) teaches you to move well, stay active for life and understand your own performance. Every sports skill has three phases: preparation, execution and follow-through. To improve, you observe the skill, compare it with a model, find strengths and weaknesses, get feedback and plan practice: plan → do → review → feedback. People are active for health, fitness, fun, friends, competition and well-being. Trying new and alternative sports, joining clubs, staying safe and looking after equipment help you keep moving all your life.