Netherlands VWO 3 (onderbouw) Physics (nask)

Chapters: 2

1. Forces and motion

Motion and forces · Forces and motion (adopted, legal 2027)

Motion: Distance, Speed, Velocity, Acceleration and Graphs – An object is in motion when its position changes with time. Distance is the full path length (a scalar); displacement is the straight gap from start to finish with a direction (a vector). Speed = distance ÷ time; velocity = displacement ÷ time. Acceleration = change in velocity ÷ time. The slope of an s–t graph gives velocity, the slope of a v–t graph gives acceleration, and the area under a v–t graph gives the distance. For uniform acceleration: v = u + at, s = ut + ½at², v² = u² + 2as.
Force and Laws of Motion – A force is a push or a pull. Balanced forces (net force zero) do not change motion; an unbalanced force changes speed or direction. Friction opposes sliding. First law: a body keeps its state of rest or uniform motion unless an unbalanced force acts (inertia; heavier bodies have more inertia). Momentum p = mv. Second law: F = ma (rate of change of momentum), 1 N = 1 kg m/s². Third law: forces come in equal and opposite pairs acting on two different bodies. For a system with no outside force, internal forces cancel and total momentum is conserved.

Electricity and energy · Circuits and energy systems (adopted, legal 2027) · Hazards and safety (adopted, legal 2027)

Electric Current, Potential Difference and Electric Circuits – Electric current is the rate of flow of charge, I = Q/t, measured in amperes with an ammeter joined in series. Potential difference is the work done to move a unit charge between two points, V = W/Q, measured in volts with a voltmeter joined in parallel. Charge flows only in a closed circuit.
Domestic Electric Circuits – A house gets 220 V, 50 Hz AC through a live and a neutral wire; appliances are joined in parallel on separate 5 A and 15 A circuits, and a fuse or MCB in the live wire plus an earth wire keep the house safe.