South 고등학교 3학년 Marine Culture and Technology
Chapters: 5
1. The sea and culture
History of ocean exploration · Maritime culture · Korea as a maritime nation
- The Age of Exploration (c. 1400–1600) – Between about 1400 and 1600, sailors from Portugal and Spain, and later other European countries, opened new sea routes across the world's oceans. They wanted spices and gold without paying many middlemen, they wanted to spread Christianity, and they wanted fame. New ships (the caravel), the compass, the astrolabe and better maps made long trips possible. Dias reached the southern tip of Africa (1488), Columbus reached the Americas (1492), da Gama reached India (1498) and Magellan's fleet sailed round the world (1519–22). Earlier, Zheng He of China had led huge fleets to Africa (1405–33). The voyages linked the whole world for the first time. They brought trade, new foods and wealth to Europe, but also conquest, deadly disease and the Atlantic slave trade.
- Cultural Geography: How Places Shape Culture and Culture Shapes Places – Cultural geography studies how human culture differs from place to place and how it spreads. Culture is a group's shared way of life: language, religion, food, clothing, buildings, art and festivals. People change the land to fit their culture, making a cultural landscape. The natural environment, especially climate and nearness to the sea, influences homes, food and clothing, though people also use technology and choice. Areas with similar traits form culture regions. Cultures start in hearths and spread by diffusion: relocation (people move) or expansion (the idea moves), which can be contagious, hierarchical or stimulus. Diffusion can lead to acculturation, assimilation, syncretism and, today, globalisation.
- Seas and Oceans in Globalisation: Ships, Ports, Cables and Sea Law – Oceans cover about 71% of Earth and carry about 80% of world trade by volume. Container ships follow lanes between big ports and squeeze through straits and canals. Cables on the seabed carry almost all data between continents. Under the law of the sea, a coastal state controls a 12 nautical mile territorial sea and uses resources in a 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ), while ships of all states may sail the high seas. Seas also regulate climate, feed people and need protection.
2. Understanding the ocean
Ocean basins and seafloor · Seawater and its motion · Marine ecosystems
- Water (Oceans): Hydrological Cycle, Ocean Floor, Temperature and Salinity – The Earth's water keeps moving between oceans, air, land and living things in the hydrological (water) cycle; about 97% of it is in the oceans. The ocean floor has major divisions — continental shelf, continental slope, deep sea plain and ocean deeps (trenches) — and minor features like mid-ocean ridges, seamounts, guyots, submarine canyons, atolls and banks. Ocean surface water is warmest near the equator and colder towards the poles; with depth it falls sharply through a layer called the thermocline, below which the water is near 0–4 °C. Salinity is the salt in sea water, about 35 grams per 1,000 grams (35‰). It rises with evaporation and falls with rain, rivers and melting ice, so it is high in the subtropics and enclosed hot seas and low near the equator, poles and river mouths.
- Oceans: The Sea Floor, Moving Water and Life – Oceans cover about 71% of the Earth. Their floor has a shallow continental shelf, a steep slope, a deep plain, underwater ridges and very deep trenches. Water moves in three ways: waves (made by wind), tides (made by the Moon's pull) and currents (rivers in the sea, warm and cold). Oceans give fish, salt, oil, gas and trade routes, and millions of people earn their living from them. Cyclones and tsunamis are ocean hazards; early warning saves lives. International rules (UNCLOS) set how far a country's sea rights reach: 12 nautical miles of territorial sea and a 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zone.
- Marine Biology: Life in the Ocean – Marine biology is the study of life in the sea. Ocean life is grouped by how it lives: plankton drift, nekton swim and benthos live on the sea floor. Light fades with depth, so food-making phytoplankton live near the surface and feed almost every marine food chain. Coral reefs, mangroves, the open ocean and the deep sea are key marine ecosystems. The sea gives food, medicines and, through desalination, fresh water, but it faces overfishing, pollution and warming.
3. Marine industries
Ocean energy and minerals · Desalination and bio-resources · Fisheries and aquaculture · Shipping · Marine leisure
- Natural Resources – Natural resources are useful things we take from nature: sunlight, wind, water, soil, forests, minerals, oil, gas and coal. Renewable resources come back in a human lifetime; non-renewable ones took millions of years to form and run out when used. Resources are spread unevenly because they form only where certain geological processes happened in the past (old seas, volcanoes, mountain building). Using them brings benefits such as energy, jobs and materials, but also costs such as pollution, habitat loss and hazards, so societies weigh costs against benefits and try to use them sustainably.
- Marine Biology: Life in the Ocean – Marine biology is the study of life in the sea. Ocean life is grouped by how it lives: plankton drift, nekton swim and benthos live on the sea floor. Light fades with depth, so food-making phytoplankton live near the surface and feed almost every marine food chain. Coral reefs, mangroves, the open ocean and the deep sea are key marine ecosystems. The sea gives food, medicines and, through desalination, fresh water, but it faces overfishing, pollution and warming.
- Fisheries and Aquaculture: From Sea to Plate – Fisheries means catching fish and other water animals from the wild (capture fishing), while aquaculture means farming fish, shrimp, shellfish or seaweed. Most wild fish are caught over shallow continental shelves and in areas of upwelling, where nutrients feed plankton. Fish then pass through a chain: harbour and ice, processing (cleaning, freezing, drying, canning), cold storage and distribution to markets or export. When the catch is larger than the stock's natural regrowth, the stock collapses: overfishing. Good management uses catch limits, closed seasons, mesh-size rules, protected areas and responsible aquaculture.
- Seas and Oceans in Globalisation: Ships, Ports, Cables and Sea Law – Oceans cover about 71% of Earth and carry about 80% of world trade by volume. Container ships follow lanes between big ports and squeeze through straits and canals. Cables on the seabed carry almost all data between continents. Under the law of the sea, a coastal state controls a 12 nautical mile territorial sea and uses resources in a 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone (EEZ), while ships of all states may sail the high seas. Seas also regulate climate, feed people and need protection.
- Tourism Geography: Resources, Types, Impacts and Planning – Tourism is travelling away from home for at least one night for leisure, business, health or visiting friends. Tourism geography asks where people go, why, and what tourism does to places. Places attract visitors with natural resources (mountains, beaches, wildlife) and cultural resources (heritage, festivals, food). People are pushed from home and pulled to destinations. Tourism can be domestic or international, and there are many types: eco, adventure, cultural, medical and marine. Resorts often follow a life cycle from exploration to stagnation and then decline or renewal. Tourism brings jobs and money but can harm nature and local culture if visitors exceed the carrying capacity, so good planning aims at sustainable tourism.
4. Water safety
Ship stability and passenger safety · Safety equipment · Water accidents and rules
- Ship Stability and Safety Equipment – A ship stays upright when its weight (pulling down at G) and the water's upward push (buoyancy, at B) form a pair that turns it back after a tilt. Heavy cargo placed high lifts G and can make the ship roll over. Life jackets, life rings and lifeboats keep people afloat and safe.
5. Marine environment
Marine pollution · Protecting the ocean
- Pollution: Air, Water, Land and Noise – Pollution is the release of harmful substances or energy into air, water or land faster than nature can remove them. Main air pollutants are particulates, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and ozone; they cause acid rain and smog. Water pollution by nutrients, sewage and toxins causes eutrophication and biomagnification. We reduce pollution by cutting emissions at the source, cleaning waste before release, and the 3Rs.
- Animals, People and Conservation – People have changed animal life for thousands of years: we hunt and fish, we tamed wild animals and bred them into many breeds, we fight pests and share cities with urban animals. When we take more than nature can replace, species decline and may go extinct. Conservation means using animals wisely and protecting them: Red Books list species in danger, national parks protect land, and marine protected areas and fishing rules protect the ocean.