South 고등학교 3학년 History of Science
Chapters: 4
1. What is science?
Science and nature · Deduction and induction · Hypothetico-deductive method · Paradigm shifts · Ways to understand history of science · Science and other disciplines
- Nature of Science: How Scientific Knowledge Is Built and Changed – Science is a way of knowing that rests on evidence anyone can check. Scientists observe, infer, test ideas that could be proved wrong, and let other experts check their work. Laws describe what happens; theories explain why. Scientific knowledge is reliable but always open to change, and sometimes a whole way of seeing (a paradigm) is replaced.
- The Scientific Method – The scientific method is the careful way scientists find out how the world works. Observe something, ask a testable question, make a hypothesis (a clear, testable guess), test it with a fair experiment (change one variable, measure one, keep the rest the same), repeat and record data, analyse it, draw a conclusion and share it so others can check. Results that fail the test are useful too: they send you back to a new hypothesis.
- History of Science: How Our Ideas About Nature Changed – Science grew slowly over 5,000 years. Early civilisations watched the sky to make calendars. Greek thinkers asked why things happen and used reason. Indian and Islamic scholars gave us zero, algebra and careful experiments. In the Scientific Revolution, Copernicus, Galileo and Newton replaced the Earth-centred model with a Sun-centred one and tested ideas by experiment. Modern science brought atoms, evolution, relativity and quantum theory. Each step shows the same lesson: good evidence can overturn old ideas.
2. Western science
Egypt and Mesopotamia · Greece and Rome · Medieval to Renaissance · Renaissance changes · Astronomical revolution · Mechanics · Chemical revolution · Darwin and modern biology · Thermodynamics · Light and colour · Quantum theory and relativity · DNA structure · Earth science theories · Social impact of revolutions · New medicines and materials
- History of Science: How Our Ideas About Nature Changed – Science grew slowly over 5,000 years. Early civilisations watched the sky to make calendars. Greek thinkers asked why things happen and used reason. Indian and Islamic scholars gave us zero, algebra and careful experiments. In the Scientific Revolution, Copernicus, Galileo and Newton replaced the Earth-centred model with a Sun-centred one and tested ideas by experiment. Modern science brought atoms, evolution, relativity and quantum theory. Each step shows the same lesson: good evidence can overturn old ideas.
- The Scientific Revolution: How Science Learned to Test Ideas – Between about 1540 and 1700, thinkers in Europe changed how people study nature. Copernicus put the Sun at the centre, Galileo used a telescope to collect evidence, Kepler found that orbits are ellipses, and Newton explained the sky and the Earth with one law of gravity. Bacon and Descartes described a new method based on observation, experiment, reason and maths. This is the Scientific Revolution.
- Evolution: How New Kinds of Living Things Arise – Variations arise during reproduction. Nature selects those that help survival, so over many generations populations change: this is evolution. Only inherited (DNA) changes pass on; acquired changes do not. Separated populations can become new species. Homologous organs, analogous organs and fossils help us trace who is related to whom, and complex organs evolved step by step.
- First Law of Thermodynamics – Internal energy U is the total energy of the molecules inside a system. It changes in only two ways: by heat Q (energy that flows because of a temperature difference) and by work W (energy moved by a force, like a moving piston). First law: ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW. Heat given to a gas partly raises its internal energy and partly lets it do work. Work by a gas at constant pressure is PΔV. For an ideal gas Cp − Cv = R.
- Science, Technology and Society: How Discoveries Change Our Lives – Science finds out how nature works; technology uses that knowledge to make tools and solve problems. Society shapes science too, by asking questions, paying for research and making rules. Big changes such as the printing press, the steam engine, electricity, vaccines and the internet changed how people work, live and think. Every technology has benefits and risks. To decide wisely we look at evidence, weigh benefits against risks, ask who gains and who loses, think about ethics and the future, and use safety rules.
- Science Inside Advanced Technology – Advanced technology is ordinary science used in clever ways. Sensors turn touch, light and motion into electric signals. Chips are made of silicon. New materials such as graphene get their power from how atoms are arranged. New medicines are designed to fit a target like a key fits a lock. When biology, information and nano-science meet, new fields appear.
3. Eastern and Korean science
Traditional Chinese science · Western science in East Asia · Indian mathematics and science · Islamic science · Korean science to Joseon · Modern Korean science
- History of Science: How Our Ideas About Nature Changed – Science grew slowly over 5,000 years. Early civilisations watched the sky to make calendars. Greek thinkers asked why things happen and used reason. Indian and Islamic scholars gave us zero, algebra and careful experiments. In the Scientific Revolution, Copernicus, Galileo and Newton replaced the Earth-centred model with a Sun-centred one and tested ideas by experiment. Modern science brought atoms, evolution, relativity and quantum theory. Each step shows the same lesson: good evidence can overturn old ideas.
4. Science and modern society
Lessons from history · Recent technologies and society · Science, technology, society
- History of Science: How Our Ideas About Nature Changed – Science grew slowly over 5,000 years. Early civilisations watched the sky to make calendars. Greek thinkers asked why things happen and used reason. Indian and Islamic scholars gave us zero, algebra and careful experiments. In the Scientific Revolution, Copernicus, Galileo and Newton replaced the Earth-centred model with a Sun-centred one and tested ideas by experiment. Modern science brought atoms, evolution, relativity and quantum theory. Each step shows the same lesson: good evidence can overturn old ideas.
- Science, Technology and Society: How Discoveries Change Our Lives – Science finds out how nature works; technology uses that knowledge to make tools and solve problems. Society shapes science too, by asking questions, paying for research and making rules. Big changes such as the printing press, the steam engine, electricity, vaccines and the internet changed how people work, live and think. Every technology has benefits and risks. To decide wisely we look at evidence, weigh benefits against risks, ask who gains and who loses, think about ethics and the future, and use safety rules.