Italy Secondaria di secondo grado – classe 4ª Human sciences (pedagogy, psychology, anthropology, sociology)
Chapters: 4
1. Pedagogy: 11th to 19th century
Education in European history
- History of Education: From Ancient Schools to the 19th Century – Education began at home and in the workshop. Writing societies (Egypt, Israel, Greece, Rome) created schools and teachers. In the early Middle Ages monasteries kept learning alive and nobles trained knights. From about 1100 towns, guilds and universities spread learning; from about 1400 humanists, the printing press and reformers opened colleges and schools for ordinary people. The Enlightenment claimed a right to education and discovered childhood; in the 1800s states built school systems, and thinkers like Pestalozzi, Froebel and Durkheim shaped modern teaching.
2. Psychology
Methods and development
- Human Development: Meaning, Life-Span View and Influences – Development is the pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the whole life. It includes growth (increase in size), maturation (changes that unfold on a biological timetable) and learning from experience. The life-span view says development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, shaped by history, studied by many disciplines and contextual. It involves biological, cognitive and socio-emotional processes that affect each other. Development results from heredity (genotype) and environment working together to produce what we see (phenotype). Contexts matter: Bronfenbrenner described nested systems (micro, meso, exo, macro and chrono), and Durganand Sinha described the Indian child's ecology as inner and outer layers that change over time.
3. Anthropology
Culture and cultures
- Culture and Socialisation: How We Learn to Live Together – Culture is the whole way of life that a group learns and shares: its ideas, rules and things. It is learned, not born with us. Culture has three sides: cognitive (what we know and believe), normative (rules for how to behave) and material (tools and objects). Socialisation is the lifelong process by which a baby becomes a member of society by learning this culture. It happens through agencies: family, peer group, school, mass media, and others like work, religion and community.
4. Sociology
Birth and theories of sociology
- Introducing Society and Sociology – Society is the web of groups and relations we live in. Every person is an individual, yet always part of groups like family, class and village. There is not one society but many, and inside each one people have unequal shares of money, power and respect. Sociology, the scientific study of society, was born in 19th-century Europe when reason, revolution and factories changed life fast. It studies almost every part of social life and works closely with economics, political science, history, psychology and anthropology.