Italy Secondaria di secondo grado – classe 4ª Physical education and sport

1. Movement, sport and health

Training and self-assessment · Sport organisation · First aid and injury prevention · Outdoor and technology

• Sports Training: Principles and Methods – Sports training is planned exercise that makes the body fitter for a sport. Every session has a warm-up (raise heart rate, temperature and flexibility slowly), the main work and a cool-down (bring the heart rate down and remove waste such as lactic acid). Good training follows principles: Specificity (train for your sport), Progression and Overload (do a little more over time so the body adapts), Reversibility (fitness is lost when you stop) and Tedium (vary training to avoid boredom), plus rest and recovery. FITT sets the dose: Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type. Intensity can be measured with heart rate: maximum heart rate ≈ 220 − age; 60–80% trains the aerobic system and 80–90% the anaerobic system. Main methods are continuous, interval, fartlek, circuit, weight (resistance), plyometric and flexibility training. A training year can be split into pre-season, competition and off-season phases (periodisation).
• Fair Play in Sport – Fair play means playing by the rules and in the spirit of the game: respecting opponents, officials, teammates and yourself. Rules set the field, time, scoring and what is not allowed, so everyone has an equal and safe chance. A game has roles: players, a captain, referees or umpires, coaches and spectators, each with duties. Sportsmanship includes shaking hands, helping a hurt opponent and accepting decisions; cheating, deliberate fouls, doping and match-fixing break fair play and are punished with cards, bans or worse. The Olympic movement links sport with values: excellence, friendship and respect (and the Paralympic values of courage, determination, inspiration and equality). Organising a fair event means choosing a format (knockout or round-robin), making a schedule, sharing roles and planning for safety.
• First Aid: What to Do in an Emergency – First aid is the help you give an injured or ill person until trained help arrives. Its aims: preserve life, stop things getting worse, help recovery. Follow DRABC: Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing, CPR/Call. Breathing but unresponsive → recovery position. Not breathing normally → CPR 30:2 at 100-120 pushes a minute, 5-6 cm deep, and an AED. Bleeding → direct pressure. Burns → cool running water 20 minutes. Choking → back blows and abdominal thrusts. Sprains → RICE.
• Outdoor Activities: Orienteering, Climbing and Staying Safe – Outdoor and adventurous activities, like orienteering, hiking, climbing and water sports, ask you to move in changing natural places. You need skills (reading a map, using a compass, climbing technique), good decisions (route choice, knowing your limits) and safety habits (planning, equipment, teamwork). You also protect nature by leaving no trace.