Italy Secondaria di secondo grado – classe 1ª Sports disciplines

1. Sports practice and theory

Classification and physiology · Individual sports · Team sports

• Exercise Physiology – Exercise physiology studies how the body works during and after physical activity. When we exercise, working muscles need more ATP and oxygen, so heart rate, stroke volume, breathing rate and depth rise. ATP is remade by three energy systems: ATP-PC (about 10 s), anaerobic glycolysis (up to about 2 min, makes lactate) and aerobic (long efforts, uses oxygen). Cardiac output = heart rate × stroke volume. Regular training strengthens the heart, lungs, muscles and bones; ageing slowly reduces these, but exercise slows the decline.
• Athletics: Running, Jumping and Throwing – Athletics (track and field) is sport where performance is measured: races are timed, jumps and throws are measured in metres. Track events include sprints, middle and long distance, hurdles and relays. Jumps (long, triple, high, pole vault) have four phases: approach, take-off, flight and landing. Throws (shot put, discus, javelin, hammer) depend most on release speed, then on release angle and height. Clear rules on starts, lanes, lines and sectors keep it fair.
• Team Sports: How Teams Attack, Defend and Play Fair – Team games are grouped as invasion games, net and wall games, and striking and fielding games. When your team has the ball you attack: spread out (width and depth), move into space and pass quickly. When the opponent has it you defend: get compact, stay goal-side, mark a player or guard a zone, and win the ball back fairly. Each player has a role, the team communicates all the time, and officials apply the rules so the game stays fair and safe.