National Year 13 Law

1. 3.3 Tort

Rules and theory of tort · Negligence · Occupiers' liability · Nuisance and dangerous escapes · Vicarious liability, defences and remedies

• Tort Law: Negligence, Nuisance and Liability – A tort is a civil wrong where one person's act or carelessness harms another, and there is no contract between them. The person harmed (the claimant) can sue the wrongdoer (the defendant) for a remedy, usually money called damages. The main torts are negligence (needs duty, breach, causation and damage), occupiers' liability, nuisance and dangerous escapes. Employers can be liable for their employees' torts (vicarious liability). Defences such as contributory negligence and consent can reduce or remove liability.

2. 3.4 Law of contract (Paper 3 option - choose contract OR human rights)

Rules and theory of contract · Formation of a contract · Contract terms · Vitiating factors · Discharge and remedies

Coming soon

3. 3.5 Human rights (Paper 3 option)

Human rights law and theory · Key Convention rights · Restrictions, enforcement and reform

• Rights: Claims That Protect Our Dignity – A right is a justified claim: society accepts it as needed for a life of dignity and others must respect it. Not every wish is a right. Earlier thinkers spoke of natural rights (life, liberty, property) given by nature or God; today we speak of human rights that every person has simply for being human, based on dignity. When rights are written into the Constitution and laws they become legal rights, protected by courts; they limit what the state may do and also ask the state to act, like providing schooling. Rights are of many kinds: political and civil, economic, and cultural. Rights come with responsibilities: to respect others' rights, to protect shared goods, to balance rights when they clash, and to watch that governments do not cut rights unfairly.
• Human Rights: Meaning, History, Types and Protection – Human rights are the basic freedoms and protections that belong to every person because they are human. They are universal, inalienable, indivisible and rooted in dignity. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) set a common standard, later made binding through treaties. Rights are protected by constitutions, courts, commissions, the UN and civil society, and they can be limited only by fair laws that protect others.