China 高三 Biology

1. Sel.3 Ch.1 Fermentation engineering

Traditional fermentation · Microbial culture: sterilisation, plating, counting · Fermentation engineering and uses

• Microbes in Human Welfare – Microbes are tiny living things: bacteria, fungi, some protozoa, algae and viruses. Many of them help us. They turn milk into curd, make dough rise, and produce drinks, acids, enzymes and medicines in big factories. They clean sewage, make biogas fuel, kill crop pests safely and add nutrients to soil. Antibiotics like penicillin come from microbes, but we must use them carefully so germs do not become resistant.
• Microbial Culture: How to Grow Microbes in a Lab – To study a microbe, we grow lots of it from a few cells. This is a culture. First we kill every germ on tools and food (sterilisation). Then we give the microbes food in a dish (a culture medium). We spread a few cells with a hot-then-cooled wire loop (streaking) and keep the dish warm. Each cell becomes a dot we can see, called a colony. In a flask, the number of cells grows in four phases: lag, log, stationary and death.

2. Sel.3 Ch.2 Cell engineering

Plant tissue culture; somatic hybridisation · Animal cell culture; fusion; monoclonal antibodies; nuclear transfer · Embryo engineering

• Plant Tissue Culture: Growing Many Plants From a Tiny Piece – Plant tissue culture means growing plant cells, tissues or organs on a clean jelly food in a closed glass jar. A tiny piece of the plant (the explant) is cleaned and placed on a medium with sugar, salts, vitamins and plant hormones. Its cells divide into a soft lump called callus. The hormone mix decides whether shoots or roots grow. Each new shoot can be cut and grown again, so one piece gives thousands of identical plants. This is micropropagation.
• Cloning: How Scientists Make a Copy of a Living Thing – A clone is a living thing with the same genes as another. Nature makes clones all the time: identical twins, bacteria dividing, a cutting from a plant. In the lab, scientists grow animal cells in a dish, fuse two cells into one, and move the nucleus of a body cell into an egg whose own nucleus was removed. This is nuclear transfer. The egg divides into an embryo, which grows inside a surrogate mother. The baby has the genes of the nucleus donor. Dolly the sheep (1996) was the first mammal made this way from an adult body cell.
• Embryo Engineering: Helping an Embryo Grow Outside the Body – Embryo engineering means working with the early embryo. A sperm joins an egg (fertilisation) to make a zygote. The zygote divides again and again (cleavage) into a ball, then a hollow blastocyst with inner cells that make the baby. In IVF the egg and sperm meet in a lab dish. The young embryo is moved into the uterus (embryo transfer), frozen for later, or split in two to make identical twins. Farmers use the same ideas to get many calves from a champion cow.

3. Sel.3 Ch.3 Genetic engineering

Tools of recombinant DNA · Procedure; PCR and electrophoresis · Applications · Protein engineering

• Biotechnology: Principles and Processes (Recombinant DNA Technology) – Genetic engineering means changing the genes of a living thing on purpose. We cut the gene we want with restriction enzymes (molecular scissors), paste it into a carrier DNA called a vector using DNA ligase (molecular glue), put it into a host cell, pick out the cells that took it, and grow them in big tanks (bioreactors) to collect the product. PCR makes millions of copies of a gene, and gel electrophoresis sorts DNA pieces by size.
• Biotechnology and its Applications – The tools of genetic engineering are used in medicine, farming and research. Bacteria make human insulin; yeast makes safe vaccine proteins. Stem cells can become many cell types. Gene therapy puts a correct gene into a patient's cells. GM crops like Bt cotton carry a gene for a protein that kills pests. Transgenic animals carry foreign genes to help study disease or make medicines. Because these are powerful, India controls them through GEAC, and laws guard against biopiracy and unfair patents.
• Protein Engineering: Designing Better Proteins – Proteins are chains of amino acids that fold into a precise 3D shape, and the shape decides what the protein does. Natural proteins are not always suited to human use: an enzyme may stop working when hot, or a hormone may act too slowly. Protein engineering designs and makes changed (or completely new) proteins. Because proteins are made from the instructions in genes, it works backwards: start from the function we want, predict the structure that would give it, work out the amino-acid sequence, then change or synthesise the DNA (gene) that codes for it. The changed gene is put into cells such as bacteria or yeast, which produce the new protein for testing. Two main strategies are rational design (planned changes such as site-directed mutagenesis) and directed evolution (many random changes followed by selection). Genetic engineering moves existing genes to make natural proteins; protein engineering creates proteins that do not exist in nature, so it is sometimes called second-generation genetic engineering.

4. Sel.3 Ch.4 Biosafety and ethics

GM product safety · Reproductive cloning prohibited · Banning biological weapons

• Biotechnology and its Applications – The tools of genetic engineering are used in medicine, farming and research. Bacteria make human insulin; yeast makes safe vaccine proteins. Stem cells can become many cell types. Gene therapy puts a correct gene into a patient's cells. GM crops like Bt cotton carry a gene for a protein that kills pests. Transgenic animals carry foreign genes to help study disease or make medicines. Because these are powerful, India controls them through GEAC, and laws guard against biopiracy and unfair patents.
• Bioethics: Deciding What Is Right in Biology and Medicine – Bioethics asks whether we should do what biology and medicine now let us do. It uses four principles: autonomy (respect choice), beneficence (do good), non-maleficence (do no harm) and justice (fairness). Human dignity means a person is never only a means to an end, so informed consent is needed. Therapeutic cloning may be allowed under strict rules; reproductive human cloning is banned in most countries. Start-of-life and end-of-life questions are weighed as benefits against risks and values.
• Banning Biological Weapons: Why the World Said No to Germ Warfare – A biological weapon uses germs or their poisons on purpose to harm people, animals or crops. Germs spread by themselves, cannot be aimed at one group and cross all borders with travel, so nobody is safe, not even the user. The 1925 Geneva Protocol banned their use in war. The 1972 Biological Weapons Convention, in force from 1975, bans developing, making and stockpiling them. Because the same biology also makes vaccines and medicines, labs follow biosafety and biosecurity rules and scientists report misuse.

5. Elective modules (standard, 1 credit each)

Healthy living · First-aid measures · Infectious diseases and control · Occupational diseases · Animal welfare · Biopharmaceuticals · Marine biology · Stem cells and applications · Plant tissue culture · Ecological security

• Healthy Lifestyle: Daily Habits That Keep You Well – A healthy lifestyle is a set of daily habits: a balanced diet from five food groups, enough water, 9–11 hours of sleep for school-age children and about 8–10 for teenagers, at least 60 minutes of activity a day, good posture, safe food handling and avoiding tobacco, alcohol and drugs. These habits lower the risk of lifestyle (non-communicable) diseases such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease and some cancers.
• First Aid: What to Do in an Emergency – First aid is the help you give an injured or ill person until trained help arrives. Its aims: preserve life, stop things getting worse, help recovery. Follow DRABC: Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing, CPR/Call. Breathing but unresponsive → recovery position. Not breathing normally → CPR 30:2 at 100-120 pushes a minute, 5-6 cm deep, and an AED. Bleeding → direct pressure. Burns → cool running water 20 minutes. Choking → back blows and abdominal thrusts. Sprains → RICE.
• Human Health and Disease – Health means the body, mind and social life all work well. Diseases can be caused by germs (pathogens) like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, worms and fungi. Our body fights them with two kinds of immunity: innate (we are born with it) and acquired (it learns and remembers). Vaccines use this memory. HIV destroys helper T cells and causes AIDS. Cancer is cells dividing without control. Drugs and alcohol harm the body and mind, especially in teenagers.
• Occupational Health: How Work Affects Health and How to Protect Workers – Occupational health is about keeping workers healthy and safe. Workplaces can have physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial hazards. Long exposure can cause occupational diseases such as silicosis, noise-induced hearing loss and back injuries. We prevent harm by improving the working environment (using the hierarchy of controls) and by managing workers' health with check-ups, limits on exposure and training.
• Animal Welfare – Animal welfare is how well an animal is coping with the life it lives: its body, its feelings and its ability to behave naturally. Animals are sentient: they can feel pain, fear and pleasure. The Five Freedoms list what every animal in our care needs: food and water, comfort, health, normal behaviour and freedom from fear. People who keep pets, farm animals or lab animals have a duty to meet these needs.
• Biopharmaceuticals: Medicines Made by Living Cells – A biopharmaceutical is a medicine made by living cells, usually a protein such as insulin, a vaccine or an antibody. Scientists put the human gene into bacteria, yeast or animal cells, grow them in a fermenter, and then purify the drug. Safety checks come at every stage.
• Marine Biology: Life in the Ocean – Marine biology is the study of life in the sea. Ocean life is grouped by how it lives: plankton drift, nekton swim and benthos live on the sea floor. Light fades with depth, so food-making phytoplankton live near the surface and feed almost every marine food chain. Coral reefs, mangroves, the open ocean and the deep sea are key marine ecosystems. The sea gives food, medicines and, through desalination, fresh water, but it faces overfishing, pollution and warming.
• Cell Differentiation and Stem Cells – Your body has more than 200 kinds of cells, but all of them come from one cell, the zygote. Every cell carries the same DNA. Differentiation happens when a cell switches some genes ON and others OFF, so it grows into a special shape with a special job. Cells that can still divide and become many types are called stem cells.
• Plant Tissue Culture: Growing Many Plants From a Tiny Piece – Plant tissue culture means growing plant cells, tissues or organs on a clean jelly food in a closed glass jar. A tiny piece of the plant (the explant) is cleaned and placed on a medium with sugar, salts, vitamins and plant hormones. Its cells divide into a soft lump called callus. The hormone mix decides whether shoots or roots grow. Each new shoot can be cut and grown again, so one piece gives thousands of identical plants. This is micropropagation.
• Ecological Security: Invasive Species and Protecting Nature – Ecological security means keeping ecosystems healthy so they keep giving us clean water, food and air. Invasive species, which arrive from another place and spread fast because they have no natural enemies, are a big threat. We protect nature in its home (reserves, parks: in-situ), away from home (seed banks, zoos: ex-situ) and by laws against hunting and trade in wild species.

6. 高考 review

Comprehensive review

Coming soon