China 高二 Physical Education and Health
Chapters: 4
1. Required: fitness
Basic principles, testing and training methods of fitness · Strength, endurance, power; cardio-respiratory; flexibility; agility and speed
- Physical Fitness – Physical fitness is the body's ability to do daily work, play and sport with energy to spare. It has five health-related components (heart-lung endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, body composition) and six skill-related ones (speed, agility, power, balance, coordination, reaction time). We improve it with a planned programme using FITT (frequency, intensity, time, type) and training principles like overload, progression, specificity, rest and reversibility.
2. Required: health education
Health knowledge; nutrition and food safety · Communicable and non-communicable disease prevention · Environment, health and exercise · Safe exercise, safety and escape; sports injuries · Mental health and social adaptation
- Healthy Lifestyle: Daily Habits That Keep You Well – A healthy lifestyle is a set of daily habits: a balanced diet from five food groups, enough water, 9–11 hours of sleep for school-age children and about 8–10 for teenagers, at least 60 minutes of activity a day, good posture, safe food handling and avoiding tobacco, alcohol and drugs. These habits lower the risk of lifestyle (non-communicable) diseases such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease and some cancers.
- Infectious Diseases: How Germs Spread and How We Stop Them – An infectious (communicable) disease is caused by a tiny living thing called a pathogen: a bacterium, virus, fungus or protist. It passes from one person to another through air, water and food, touch, or a vector such as a mosquito. The body fights back with skin, mucus, stomach acid and white blood cells. Vaccines train the immune system in advance. Hand washing, clean water, cooking food well, mosquito nets and staying home when sick all cut the spread.
- Air Quality, Heat and Exercise – The air we breathe and the weather change how safe exercise is. When we exercise we breathe several times more air, so in polluted air we also breathe in several times more dust. The AQI tells us how clean the air is. On bad-air days go indoors or go lighter. In heat, drink water and exercise early or late. In cold, warm up longer and dress in layers.
- First Aid: What to Do in an Emergency – First aid is the help you give an injured or ill person until trained help arrives. Its aims: preserve life, stop things getting worse, help recovery. Follow DRABC: Danger, Response, Airway, Breathing, CPR/Call. Breathing but unresponsive → recovery position. Not breathing normally → CPR 30:2 at 100-120 pushes a minute, 5-6 cm deep, and an AED. Bleeding → direct pressure. Burns → cool running water 20 minutes. Choking → back blows and abdominal thrusts. Sprains → RICE.
- Mental Health: Feelings, Stress and Support – Mental health is how we think, feel, cope and get along with others. Like physical health, everyone has it and it moves up and down. Emotions are useful signals. Stress adds up like water in a bucket; healthy coping (sleep, movement, talking, calm breathing, planning) lets it drain. Self-esteem and good relationships protect us. If feelings stay very heavy for two weeks or more, or stop daily life, talk to a trusted adult or a professional — asking for help is a sign of strength.
3. Required-choose: sport skill series
Ball games (football, basketball, volleyball, table tennis, badminton…) · Athletics (sprint, distance, hurdles, jumps, shot put) · Gymnastics (apparatus, tumbling, aerobics, cheer, street dance) · Aquatics or ice-snow (swimming strokes, skating, skiing) · Wushu and traditional ethnic sports · Emerging sports (roller skating, climbing, orienteering, rope skipping)
- Team Sports: How Teams Attack, Defend and Play Fair – Team games are grouped as invasion games, net and wall games, and striking and fielding games. When your team has the ball you attack: spread out (width and depth), move into space and pass quickly. When the opponent has it you defend: get compact, stay goal-side, mark a player or guard a zone, and win the ball back fairly. Each player has a role, the team communicates all the time, and officials apply the rules so the game stays fair and safe.
- Athletics: Running, Jumping and Throwing – Athletics (track and field) is sport where performance is measured: races are timed, jumps and throws are measured in metres. Track events include sprints, middle and long distance, hurdles and relays. Jumps (long, triple, high, pole vault) have four phases: approach, take-off, flight and landing. Throws (shot put, discus, javelin, hammer) depend most on release speed, then on release angle and height. Clear rules on starts, lanes, lines and sectors keep it fair.
- Gymnastics: Apparatus, Basic Skills, Balance and Safety – Gymnastics is a sport of controlled body movement: rolls, balances, jumps, swings and vaults on the floor and on apparatus. The main types are artistic, rhythmic, trampoline and acrobatic gymnastics. Two science ideas explain most skills: you stay balanced when your centre of gravity is above your base, and you spin faster when you pull your body into a tuck. Every skill is learned step by step, after a warm-up, on mats and with a spotter.
- Swimming Strokes, Water Safety, Skating and Skiing – Swimming has four strokes: freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke and butterfly. Each uses a different arm and leg pattern. Water safety means knowing how to float, never swimming alone and helping a drowning person from the edge. Skating and skiing work because blades and skis slide on ice and snow with very little friction.
- Traditional Games and Martial Arts – Traditional games are played with simple objects and rules passed down through families and communities, like tops, marbles, tag games, tug of war, kabaddi and kho-kho. They keep culture alive and build fitness and fair play. Martial arts and combat sports (judo, taekwondo, karate, wrestling, kalaripayattu, boxing) teach self-control, respect and technique. Every combat sport rests on the same basics: a bow of respect, a stable stance (centre of gravity over a wide base), safe falling (break-falls), clear rules and safety gear.
- Emerging Sports: Roller Skating, Climbing, Orienteering and Rope Skipping – Four newer sports that many schools now teach. Roller skating is push, then glide. Climbing keeps three limbs on the wall while one moves. Orienteering means finding control points with a map and compass. Rope skipping is a steady turn and a small hop. Each one trains balance, strength and thinking, and each has simple safety rules.
4. Textbook knowledge
Sport culture and Olympic movement · Motor-skill learning principles; tactics
- The Olympic Movement – The ancient Olympic Games began at Olympia in Greece, traditionally in 776 BCE, as a religious festival for Zeus held every four years. Free Greek men competed in running, wrestling, boxing, chariot racing and the pentathlon; winners received an olive wreath, and a truce let athletes travel safely. The games ended around 393 CE. Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894 and the first modern Games took place in Athens in 1896. Today the Olympic Movement includes the IOC, international sports federations and National Olympic Committees. Its symbols are the five rings, the flame and the motto "Faster, Higher, Stronger – Together"; its values are excellence, friendship and respect. The Paralympic Games follow in the same host city.
- Motor Skills – A motor skill is a movement we learn to do well, with a clear aim, such as running, catching, writing or a cartwheel. Gross skills use big muscle groups (running, jumping); fine skills use small muscles and need precision (writing, a snooker shot). Skills come in three families: locomotor (moving from place to place), manipulative (controlling an object) and stability (balance, holding a position). Skills can also be open (changing surroundings, like a football pass) or closed (fixed surroundings, like a free throw), and simple or complex. Every movement follows a loop: our senses take in information, the brain decides, muscles act, and feedback tells us how it went. Reaction time is the gap between seeing and starting to move. We learn in three stages: cognitive (understanding, many errors), associative (practising, fewer errors) and autonomous (automatic, smooth). Motor abilities such as speed, strength, endurance, coordination, balance, agility and flexibility are the base on which skills are built; practice, good feedback and creativity improve them.