Ontario Grade 12 HSB4U Challenge and Change in Society (Grade 12, University Preparation)
Chapters: 4
1. A. Research and Inquiry Skills
A1 Exploring · A2 Investigating · A3 Processing Information · A4 Communicating and Reflecting
- Challenge and Change in Society – Society never stands still. New technology changes how people meet, work and think, and culture adapts more slowly (cultural lag). Trends are shaped by the economy, culture and tradition, people moving and new kinds of work. Deviance is breaking a social norm; theories explain why it happens and how society deters it, and moral panics make fear bigger than the facts. Globalisation links the world through trade, big companies and global organisations, bringing both benefits and exploitation. Social scientists study all this with a clear research process: explore, investigate, process and communicate.
2. B. Social Change
B1 Foundations for the Study of Social Change · B2 Causes and Effects of Social Change · B3 Technological Change
- Social Change and Social Order in Villages and Cities – Social change means a big, lasting change in how society is organised. It can be slow (evolutionary) or sudden (revolutionary), and it can change structures, ideas or values. It is caused by the environment, technology and the economy, politics and culture. Social order is the other side: the way society keeps itself steady through shared values, domination, authority and law. Order is always challenged by contest, crime and violence. Villages, towns and cities differ in size, density and work, and each changes in its own way.
- Challenge and Change in Society – Society never stands still. New technology changes how people meet, work and think, and culture adapts more slowly (cultural lag). Trends are shaped by the economy, culture and tradition, people moving and new kinds of work. Deviance is breaking a social norm; theories explain why it happens and how society deters it, and moral panics make fear bigger than the facts. Globalisation links the world through trade, big companies and global organisations, bringing both benefits and exploitation. Social scientists study all this with a clear research process: explore, investigate, process and communicate.
3. C. Social Patterns and Trends
C1 Demographics · C2 Forces That Shape Social Trends · C3 Social Deviance
- The World Population: Distribution, Density and Growth – People are not spread evenly on Earth. Most live on fertile plains near water; few live in deserts, high mountains or icy lands. Density tells how many people live on each square km. Geographical, economic and social factors explain the pattern. The world grew slowly for thousands of years and then very fast after 1800. Population changes through births, deaths and migration. The demographic transition theory shows how birth and death rates fall as a society moves from rural farming to urban industry. Countries use family planning and health care to control growth.
- Challenge and Change in Society – Society never stands still. New technology changes how people meet, work and think, and culture adapts more slowly (cultural lag). Trends are shaped by the economy, culture and tradition, people moving and new kinds of work. Deviance is breaking a social norm; theories explain why it happens and how society deters it, and moral panics make fear bigger than the facts. Globalisation links the world through trade, big companies and global organisations, bringing both benefits and exploitation. Social scientists study all this with a clear research process: explore, investigate, process and communicate.
4. D. Global Social Challenges
D1 Global Inequalities · D2 Globalization · D3 Exploitation
- Development Geography: Why Places Are Rich or Poor – Development means people living better lives: more income, better health, more schooling and more freedom. We measure it with indicators such as GNI per person, life expectancy and years at school, and with the Human Development Index (HDI, 0 to 1), which joins all three. Development is uneven: rich cores and poorer peripheries exist between world regions and inside one country. Where rich and poor areas touch, there are strong contrasts and flows of workers, goods, factories and money, with both good and bad effects. There is no single model of development: countries have grown through export factories, services, or mines and farming, each with risks.
- Challenge and Change in Society – Society never stands still. New technology changes how people meet, work and think, and culture adapts more slowly (cultural lag). Trends are shaped by the economy, culture and tradition, people moving and new kinds of work. Deviance is breaking a social norm; theories explain why it happens and how society deters it, and moral panics make fear bigger than the facts. Globalisation links the world through trade, big companies and global organisations, bringing both benefits and exploitation. Social scientists study all this with a clear research process: explore, investigate, process and communicate.