Ukraine 8 клас History of Ukraine
Chapters: 7
1. Introduction: the early modern period
Early modern period in history
- Periodisation: How Historians Divide Time into Periods – Periodisation means cutting the long line of time into named periods so we can study it. Years are counted BCE (before) and CE (after) year 1, and grouped into centuries. A common scheme has four great periods: Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the early modern period and the modern/contemporary period, separated by turning points such as 476, 1453 or 1492, and 1789. Other schemes use dynasties, technology ages or regional divisions. Periods are useful tools chosen by historians, not natural facts.
2. Ukrainian lands in the 16th – first half of the 17th c.
Political status of the lands · Society, towns and economy · Religion and culture
- The Early Modern Period: How the World Changed from 1450 to 1800 – The early modern period runs from about 1450 to 1800, between the Middle Ages and the modern age. Printing spread ideas fast. Ocean voyages joined the continents through trade and colonies. The Reformation split Western Christianity. Big empires and new kinds of states grew. The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment changed how people thought about nature, rulers and rights.
- Social History: How Ordinary People Lived – Social history studies the lives of ordinary people, not only kings, wars and treaties. It asks how people worked, lived, ate, dressed, married, worshipped, fell ill and had fun, and how society was divided into groups. Before modern times most societies were shaped like a pyramid: a small group of rulers and nobles, priests and rich families, a middle layer of townspeople, merchants and craftsmen, and a huge base of peasants, with some unfree people such as serfs or slaves. Villages ran their own communities; towns were places of markets, guilds and mixing between groups. Industrialisation moved people from farms to factories, created a working class and a growing middle class, and led to unions, new laws and later welfare states. Daily life changed with new light, transport, newspapers, schools and medicine. Social historians also look for 'hidden' people (women, the poor, minorities, migrants) and even at how feelings and customs changed.
3. Rise of the Cossacks (16th – first half of 17th c.)
Origins of the Cossacks · Cossacks in wars and uprisings
- The Cossacks: Sich, the 1648 Uprising and the Hetmanate – The Cossacks were free armed communities that formed on the wide grass steppe along the lower Dnipro river in the 15th and 16th centuries. Their base, the Zaporozhian Sich, was a fort beyond the river rapids where a council of all men elected the leader. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth hired some Cossacks as border guards and wrote them in a register from 1572. After years of revolts, a great uprising led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky began in 1648. It led to a Cossack state, the Hetmanate, with regiments, a hetman and a council. A long period of civil strife called the Ruin followed his death in 1657. The Hetmanate saw a cultural revival under Ivan Mazepa, then lost its self-rule: the hetman office ended in 1764 and the Sich was closed in 1775.
4. Cossack revolution of the mid-17th c. and war for sovereignty
Revolution of 1648 and its course · Foreign policy and the Ruin
- The Cossacks: Sich, the 1648 Uprising and the Hetmanate – The Cossacks were free armed communities that formed on the wide grass steppe along the lower Dnipro river in the 15th and 16th centuries. Their base, the Zaporozhian Sich, was a fort beyond the river rapids where a council of all men elected the leader. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth hired some Cossacks as border guards and wrote them in a register from 1572. After years of revolts, a great uprising led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky began in 1648. It led to a Cossack state, the Hetmanate, with regiments, a hetman and a council. A long period of civil strife called the Ruin followed his death in 1657. The Hetmanate saw a cultural revival under Ivan Mazepa, then lost its self-rule: the hetman office ended in 1764 and the Sich was closed in 1775.
5. Cossack Ukraine (Hetmanate), second half of 17th – early 18th c.
State and society of the Hetmanate · Regions of Cossack Ukraine
- The Cossacks: Sich, the 1648 Uprising and the Hetmanate – The Cossacks were free armed communities that formed on the wide grass steppe along the lower Dnipro river in the 15th and 16th centuries. Their base, the Zaporozhian Sich, was a fort beyond the river rapids where a council of all men elected the leader. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth hired some Cossacks as border guards and wrote them in a register from 1572. After years of revolts, a great uprising led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky began in 1648. It led to a Cossack state, the Hetmanate, with regiments, a hetman and a council. A long period of civil strife called the Ruin followed his death in 1657. The Hetmanate saw a cultural revival under Ivan Mazepa, then lost its self-rule: the hetman office ended in 1764 and the Sich was closed in 1775.
6. Ukraine and the early modern empires, 18th c.
Hetmanate in the 18th century · Right-bank and western lands · Crimean Khanate and the South · Culture of the 17th–18th c.
- The Cossacks: Sich, the 1648 Uprising and the Hetmanate – The Cossacks were free armed communities that formed on the wide grass steppe along the lower Dnipro river in the 15th and 16th centuries. Their base, the Zaporozhian Sich, was a fort beyond the river rapids where a council of all men elected the leader. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth hired some Cossacks as border guards and wrote them in a register from 1572. After years of revolts, a great uprising led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky began in 1648. It led to a Cossack state, the Hetmanate, with regiments, a hetman and a council. A long period of civil strife called the Ruin followed his death in 1657. The Hetmanate saw a cultural revival under Ivan Mazepa, then lost its self-rule: the hetman office ended in 1764 and the Sich was closed in 1775.
- The Early Modern Period: How the World Changed from 1450 to 1800 – The early modern period runs from about 1450 to 1800, between the Middle Ages and the modern age. Printing spread ideas fast. Ocean voyages joined the continents through trade and colonies. The Reformation split Western Christianity. Big empires and new kinds of states grew. The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment changed how people thought about nature, rulers and rights.
- The Baroque: Art in Motion (c. 1600–1750) – Baroque is the European style of about 1600 to 1750 in painting, sculpture, architecture, music and literature. It grew in Rome after the Reformation, when the Catholic Church and kings used art to move and impress people. Its marks are motion, contrast and emotion: diagonals, dramatic light (chiaroscuro and tenebrism), curving walls and domes, gold and illusion ceilings, music with a basso continuo and many weaving voices, and writing full of contrasts, surprising metaphors and the theme of passing time. Key names: Caravaggio, Bernini, Rubens, Rembrandt, Velázquez, Borromini, Monteverdi, Vivaldi, Bach, Handel, Góngora, Donne. Classicism answered it with order, reason and calm.
7. Conclusion: Ukraine in the early modern context
Summary of the early modern period
- Periodisation: How Historians Divide Time into Periods – Periodisation means cutting the long line of time into named periods so we can study it. Years are counted BCE (before) and CE (after) year 1, and grouped into centuries. A common scheme has four great periods: Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the early modern period and the modern/contemporary period, separated by turning points such as 476, 1453 or 1492, and 1789. Other schemes use dynasties, technology ages or regional divisions. Periods are useful tools chosen by historians, not natural facts.