Ukraine 11 клас Law (profile level)

1. Administrative law of Ukraine

General features of administrative law · Public service · Administrative offence · Administrative liability · Administrative process

• Administrative Law – Administrative law is the set of rules for how public authorities (ministries, city offices, police, tax and licence offices) act, and how citizens can challenge them. It comes from the constitution, laws, regulations and court decisions. Authorities make rules, decide cases and give services, using persuasion and, when lawful, coercion. Civil servants have rights and duties. A minor wrong act is an administrative offence; it brings administrative liability (warning, fine, loss of a licence). Citizens can appeal, petition, go to an ombudsman or an administrative court.

2. Financial law of Ukraine

Financial and budget law · Tax system · Banking law

• Government Budget and the Economy – A government budget is a yearly plan of expected receipts and planned expenditure. Receipts are revenue (taxes, non-tax income) or capital (borrowing, loan recovery, disinvestment). Spending is revenue (builds no asset) or capital (builds an asset or cuts debt). A budget can be balanced, surplus or deficit, and the deficit is measured as revenue, fiscal and primary deficit.
• Taxation: Types of Taxes and How to Calculate Them – A tax is money people and businesses must pay to the government. The government uses it for public goods (roads, schools, hospitals, defence), to help poorer people and to manage the economy. Direct taxes are paid straight from income or wealth (income tax, corporate tax, property tax). Indirect taxes are added to the price of goods and services (GST, VAT, excise, customs). A tax is progressive if richer people pay a bigger share of income, proportional (flat) if all pay the same share, and regressive if poorer people pay a bigger share. Income tax often uses slabs: each slab of income has its own rate. Effective rate = total tax ÷ income × 100.
• Banking: Deposits, Loans and E-banking – A bank accepts deposits from savers and lends money to borrowers. It offers five main deposit accounts (savings, current, recurring, fixed and multiple option), moves money safely through bank drafts, lends through overdraft and cash credit, and now serves customers online through e-banking and digital payments such as UPI, NEFT, RTGS and IMPS.

3. Criminal law of Ukraine

General features of criminal law · Crime · Criminal liability · Criminal punishment · Juvenile criminal liability · Liability for certain crimes

• Criminal Law: Crimes, Offences and Defences – Criminal law lists acts the state treats as crimes and sets punishments. Most crimes need two parts: a guilty act (actus reus) and a guilty mind (mens rea). Offences can be against the person (fatal, like murder and manslaughter; non-fatal, like assault) or against property (like theft, robbery, fraud, criminal damage). Trying to commit a crime is itself an offence (attempt). Defences such as self-defence, insanity, duress or being under the age of criminal responsibility can remove or reduce guilt. The accused is presumed innocent; the prosecution must prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt in a fair trial.

4. Introduction to criminal procedure

Criminal procedure

Coming soon

5. Civil law of Ukraine

General features of civil law · Subjects of civil relations · Transactions · Representation and power of attorney · Ownership and property rights · Forms of ownership · Intellectual property · Civil liability · Civil procedure · Protection of civil rights · Obligations · Civil contracts · Inheritance law

• Civil Law: Rights and Duties Between People – Civil law (private law) is the part of law that governs relations between ordinary persons: people, companies and sometimes the state when it acts like a private party. It covers who can have rights (legal persons and their capacity), things and property, obligations (duties that come from contracts or from causing harm), family and inheritance. When someone breaks a civil duty, the aim is not punishment but repair: the wronged person can ask a court for compensation (damages for real loss and lost profit), for the thing back, or for the wrong to stop. A tort is a civil wrong outside a contract, such as negligence that injures someone or damages their property. Usually the person at fault pays; children may be only partly liable, and parents or guardians may answer for them. Claims must be brought within a limit of time (the limitation period). Many countries collect these rules in a civil code; others build them mostly from court decisions; both protect the same basic ideas.
• Property Law: Ownership and Property Rights – Ownership is the strongest right a person can have over a thing. It gives three powers: to keep it (possess), to use it and earn from it, and to sell, give away or change it (dispose). Property can be owned privately, jointly, by a cooperative or by the state. The law protects owners, but ownership also has limits: you must not harm others, and the state may take property for a public need if it pays fair compensation.
• Data Protection and Intellectual Property Rights – Intellectual property (IP) is a creation of the mind, such as a story, song, program, invention or logo. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) give the creator control over its use. Copyright protects creative works (text, music, art, software code) automatically once created; a patent protects a new, useful invention for about 20 years and must be applied for; a trademark protects brand names, logos and slogans. Plagiarism is presenting someone else's work as your own without credit. Infringement is using protected IP without permission (copyright, patent or trademark infringement). Public licences let creators share on their own terms: Creative Commons (BY, SA, NC, ND) for creative works, and software licences such as GPL (copyleft: modified versions must stay open) and Apache (permissive: can be used in closed products with notices).
• Inheritance Law: Wills, Heirs and Succession – Inheritance (succession) law decides what happens to a person's property, rights and debts after death. The inheritance opens at the moment of death, at the person's last place of residence. The estate is everything the person owned minus their debts; personal rights such as a pension or a job do not pass on. Property passes either by will (a written, signed document in which the testator chooses heirs) or, if there is no valid will, by law (intestate succession): close relatives are grouped in lines or classes, and a nearer line excludes the farther ones; heirs in the same line usually share equally. Many countries protect a compulsory share for minor children and other dependants. Each heir must accept or refuse the inheritance within a time limit (often six months); an heir who accepts pays the deceased's debts only up to the value of what they receive.

6. Commercial law of Ukraine

General features of commercial law · Business entities · Commercial contracts · Commercial liability and procedure

• Business Law: The Rules Every Business Must Follow – Business law is the set of rules made by government and enforced by courts that a business must follow. It decides the legal form of a business and who pays its debts (liability), when a promise becomes a contract, how workers must be treated (wages, equality, safety), what customers can demand (goods that work and are as described), and how disputes are settled.

7. Labour law of Ukraine

Regulation of labour relations · Employment contract · Working time and rest · Labour discipline and liability · Labour disputes · Pay and labour protection

• Employment Law: The Rules of Working for Someone – Employment law is the set of rules for the relationship between an employer and an employee. An employment contract exists when a person does work, for pay, under the employer's direction (subordination). Contracts may be permanent, fixed-term, temporary through an agency, part-time or telework; a civil-law or freelance contract is not employment. Employees have rights (at least the minimum wage, limited hours, rest and paid leave, a safe workplace, equal treatment, freedom from harassment) and duties (careful work, following lawful instructions, loyalty, safety rules). Employers can organise work and discipline, within the law. Pay is gross before tax and social insurance and net after; the employer's total cost is higher. Trade unions negotiate collective agreements. A contract ends by resignation, dismissal with a valid reason and fair procedure, mutual agreement or the end of a fixed term.

8. Family law of Ukraine

General features of family law · Marriage · Parents and children · Care for children without parents

• Family Law: Marriage, Parents and Children – Family law is the part of private (civil) law that deals with marriage, the relationship between spouses, parents and children, divorce, maintenance, guardianship and adoption. In most countries a valid marriage needs two adults who freely agree, are not already married and are not close relatives, and it is registered. Spouses have equal rights and duties. Parents must care for, maintain and educate their children, and every decision about a child follows the principle of the child's best interests. Children without parental care are protected through guardianship, foster care and adoption.

9. Land law of Ukraine

General features of land law · Ownership of land · Acquiring and protecting land rights

• Land Law – Land law is the set of rules about who may own, use, buy, sell, rent and inherit land, and what happens in a dispute. Key ideas: the land plot recorded in a register, categories of land use, forms of ownership (private, community, state), limited rights over other people's land (lease, servitude), ways to gain or lose land rights, and fair compensation when land is taken for public use.