Russia 7 класс Social Studies

1. Social values and norms

Social values · Social norms and morality

Coming soon

2. Human as a participant in legal relations

Legal relations · Offences and liability · Rights and freedoms

• Rule of Law – The rule of law means everyone, including the government and its leaders, must follow the same known laws, which are applied equally by fair and independent courts. Its main principles are supremacy of law, equality before the law, clear and public laws, fair trials, protected rights and separation of powers. Laws are made and changed through an open process, can be reviewed by courts against a constitution or charter of rights, and countries also agree to international law through treaties.
• Human Rights: Meaning, History, Types and Protection – Human rights are the basic freedoms and protections that belong to every person because they are human. They are universal, inalienable, indivisible and rooted in dignity. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) set a common standard, later made binding through treaties. Rights are protected by constitutions, courts, commissions, the UN and civil society, and they can be limited only by fair laws that protect others.

3. Foundations of Russian law

Constitution and branches of law · Civil law · Family law · Labour law · Kinds of legal liability · Law enforcement bodies

• Constitution: Why and How? – A constitution is the basic rulebook of a country. It builds trust, says who holds power, limits that power, and states the people's hopes. India's Constitution was written by the Constituent Assembly from 1946 to 1949 through open debate, and it took good ideas from other constitutions, changing them to suit India.
• Civil Law: Rights and Duties Between People – Civil law (private law) is the part of law that governs relations between ordinary persons: people, companies and sometimes the state when it acts like a private party. It covers who can have rights (legal persons and their capacity), things and property, obligations (duties that come from contracts or from causing harm), family and inheritance. When someone breaks a civil duty, the aim is not punishment but repair: the wronged person can ask a court for compensation (damages for real loss and lost profit), for the thing back, or for the wrong to stop. A tort is a civil wrong outside a contract, such as negligence that injures someone or damages their property. Usually the person at fault pays; children may be only partly liable, and parents or guardians may answer for them. Claims must be brought within a limit of time (the limitation period). Many countries collect these rules in a civil code; others build them mostly from court decisions; both protect the same basic ideas.
• Family Law: Marriage, Parents and Children – Family law is the part of private (civil) law that deals with marriage, the relationship between spouses, parents and children, divorce, maintenance, guardianship and adoption. In most countries a valid marriage needs two adults who freely agree, are not already married and are not close relatives, and it is registered. Spouses have equal rights and duties. Parents must care for, maintain and educate their children, and every decision about a child follows the principle of the child's best interests. Children without parental care are protected through guardianship, foster care and adoption.