Romania Clasa a IX-a Romanian Language and Literature (philology)

1. Literature

Reflections on literature · Beginnings of writing in Romanian (16th–17th c.) · Rise of cultural awareness (18th – early 19th c.) · Modernising literary forms (first half of 19th c.) · Maturing of cultural and literary forms (second half of 19th c.)

• The Enlightenment – The Enlightenment (about 1680–1800) was a movement in Europe that said people should use reason and evidence, not only tradition, to understand the world and to run society. It grew out of the Scientific Revolution. Thinkers such as Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, Kant and Mary Wollstonecraft argued for natural rights, separation of powers, freedom of speech and religion, and government by consent. Ideas spread through books, newspapers, salons and the Encyclopédie. Some monarchs tried reforms (enlightened absolutism); the ideas also fed the American (1776) and French (1789) revolutions and later movements everywhere, including reformers in India.
• Romanticism – Romanticism was a movement in literature, art and music from about 1780 to 1850. It reacted against the Age of Reason's strict rules and against ugly, crowded factory towns. Romantics valued nature, especially wild and 'sublime' nature, strong personal feeling, the free individual, imagination and dreams, the past and folk culture. Key figures include Wordsworth, Keats, Goethe, Pushkin, Mary Shelley, Victor Hugo, the painters Turner and Friedrich, and composers such as Chopin and Schubert.
• Realism in Literature – Realism is a way of writing, strongest in the second half of the 19th century, that shows ordinary people and everyday places honestly, with events that follow real causes. Writers often show social types (merchant, clerk, farmer, landlord), use forms like the short story, memoir and comedy, and share ideas in literary societies, journals and criticism.

2. Romanian language

Standard language and regional variation · Evolution of the Romanian language · Building a text: cohesion · Building a text: coherence · Written communication · Oral communication

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