Romania Clasa a XI-a Mathematics M2
Chapters: 2
1. Matrices and linear systems
Matrices · Determinants · Linear systems
- Matrices: Order, Types, Transpose, Operations and Inverse – A matrix is a box of numbers set in rows and columns. Its order is rows × columns. Special matrices include zero, identity, diagonal, scalar, row, column and square matrices. The transpose swaps rows and columns. Symmetric means Aᵀ = A and skew-symmetric means Aᵀ = −A. We add matrices place by place, and multiply them row × column. Matrix multiplication is not commutative (AB is usually not BA). A square matrix A is invertible if some B gives AB = BA = I, and that B is unique.
- Determinants: Minors, Cofactors, Adjoint, Inverse and Linear Systems – A determinant is one number made from a square matrix, written |A|. For a 2 × 2 matrix it is ad − bc, and it equals the (signed) area made by the columns. For a 3 × 3 matrix we expand along a row using minors and cofactors. |A| = 0 means A is singular and has no inverse. Half of a determinant gives the area of a triangle. The adjoint (transpose of the cofactor matrix) gives A⁻¹ = (adj A)/|A|, and then a system AX = B is solved by X = A⁻¹B. The value of |A| and (adj A)B tell us if a system is consistent.
- Simultaneous Equations – Simultaneous equations are two or more equations that must be true at the same time. Their solution is the set of values that fits every equation. On a graph, each solution is a point where the graphs meet. With one straight line and one curve, put the line into the curve (substitution) to get a quadratic; its discriminant tells you if there are 2, 1 or 0 meeting points. With three linear equations, eliminate one letter at a time.
2. Elements of mathematical analysis
Limits of functions · Continuous functions · Differentiable functions · Studying functions
- Limits (Class 11): What a Function Gets Close To – A limit tells us which number f(x) gets close to when x gets close to a point. We walk towards the point from the left and from the right. If both sides reach the same number, that number is the limit. You will learn limits of polynomial, rational, trigonometric, exponential and log functions, with the standard results you must know.
- Continuity and Differentiability – A function is continuous at a point when its graph has no break there: the left limit, the right limit and the value are all equal. The derivative is the slope of the tangent line. With the chain rule, implicit differentiation, the rules for eˣ, ln x and inverse trig functions, logarithmic differentiation and parametric forms, you can differentiate almost any Class 12 function. The second derivative tells how the slope itself changes, that is, how the curve bends.
- Application of Derivatives – The derivative measures how fast one quantity changes compared with another. Its sign tells whether a function goes up (f′ > 0, increasing) or down (f′ < 0, decreasing). Where f′ = 0 the tangent is flat: these critical points may be a local maximum or minimum, checked by the first derivative test (sign change) or the second derivative test (sign of f″). This lets us solve real problems like the biggest box or the cheapest tank.