Poland Liceum ogólnokształcące, klasa II Polish language and literature

Chapters: 6

1. Literature of the period

Enlightenment · Romanticism

The Enlightenment – The Enlightenment (about 1680–1800) was a movement in Europe that said people should use reason and evidence, not only tradition, to understand the world and to run society. It grew out of the Scientific Revolution. Thinkers such as Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, Kant and Mary Wollstonecraft argued for natural rights, separation of powers, freedom of speech and religion, and government by consent. Ideas spread through books, newspapers, salons and the Encyclopédie. Some monarchs tried reforms (enlightened absolutism); the ideas also fed the American (1776) and French (1789) revolutions and later movements everywhere, including reformers in India.
Romanticism – Romanticism was a movement in literature, art and music from about 1780 to 1850. It reacted against the Age of Reason's strict rules and against ugly, crowded factory towns. Romantics valued nature, especially wild and 'sublime' nature, strong personal feeling, the free individual, imagination and dreams, the past and folk culture. Key figures include Wordsworth, Keats, Goethe, Pushkin, Mary Shelley, Victor Hugo, the painters Turner and Friedrich, and composers such as Chopin and Schubert.

Periods and conventions · Devices and tones · Content, motifs and world of the work · Interpreting and comparing

Coming soon

Non-literary texts and media · Philosophy, art and high/popular culture

Media Literacy – Media literacy is the skill of reading, questioning and creating media: news, ads, videos, posts, films and games. Every media text is made by someone, for a purpose, for an audience, using forms, conventions and techniques that shape how we feel. A media-literate person checks the source, evidence, other coverage and the original before believing or sharing, notices bias and filter bubbles, and makes their own media responsibly.

Grammar in use · Varieties of language · Communication and language ethics · Spelling and punctuation

Coming soon

Rhetoric and argument · Speaking and writing

Rhetoric: The Art of Persuasive Speech – Rhetoric is the art of using words to persuade an audience. Every speech has a speaker, an audience, a message and an occasion. Speakers persuade through three appeals: ethos (trust in the speaker), logos (reasons and evidence) and pathos (feelings). A speech is built in five steps — invention, arrangement, style, memory and delivery — and figures of speech make it memorable. Rhetoric has power: it can teach and unite, but it can also seduce and manipulate, so a good listener checks the evidence.

Research and sources

Research Skills: From a Question to a Finished Project – Research is a careful way of finding an answer. You ask a clear, focused question, plan how to answer it, find information and check that each source can be trusted, collect and analyse your own data, draw a conclusion that the evidence supports, and share it while crediting every source you used.