South 중학교 3학년 History ②
Chapters: 6
1. Prehistory and early states
Prehistoric cultures and Gojoseon · Iron Age states · Growth of the Three Kingdoms · Culture of the Three Kingdoms
- Cultural History: How People's Ideas, Arts and Ways of Life Change – Cultural history is the part of history that studies how people thought, believed, created and lived, not only what kings and armies did. It looks at four pillars: beliefs and religion, arts (literature, music, painting, buildings), knowledge (education, science, technology) and daily life (food, clothing, family, festivals, leisure). Historians use sources such as objects, buildings, books, paintings and letters. Culture changes when ideas are exchanged along trade routes and through travel, missions and migration, as with paper, numerals and faiths. New technologies like printing, newspapers, radio and the internet made knowledge spread faster, and mass schooling raised world literacy from about 12% in 1820 to about 87% today. In every country the same pattern repeats: national schools, universities, science societies, writers and artists shape a people's identity.
2. North-South States period
Unification of the Three Kingdoms · Unified Silla and Balhae · Culture and exchange
- Cultural History: How People's Ideas, Arts and Ways of Life Change – Cultural history is the part of history that studies how people thought, believed, created and lived, not only what kings and armies did. It looks at four pillars: beliefs and religion, arts (literature, music, painting, buildings), knowledge (education, science, technology) and daily life (food, clothing, family, festivals, leisure). Historians use sources such as objects, buildings, books, paintings and letters. Culture changes when ideas are exchanged along trade routes and through travel, missions and migration, as with paper, numerals and faiths. New technologies like printing, newspapers, radio and the internet made knowledge spread faster, and mass schooling raised world literacy from about 12% in 1820 to about 87% today. In every country the same pattern repeats: national schools, universities, science societies, writers and artists shape a people's identity.
3. Goryeo
Founding of Goryeo · Goryeo foreign relations · Goryeo under Yuan influence · Goryeo society and culture
- The Goryeo Dynasty (918–1392) – Goryeo was a Korean kingdom that lasted 474 years. Wang Geon founded it in 918 and joined the divided land in 936. It copied a Tang-style government, picked officials by exam, traded with Song, held off the Khitan, fell under military rulers, fought the Mongols and then lived under Yuan influence until King Gongmin's reforms. General Yi Seong-gye ended it in 1392. The name Korea comes from Goryeo.
- Cultural History: How People's Ideas, Arts and Ways of Life Change – Cultural history is the part of history that studies how people thought, believed, created and lived, not only what kings and armies did. It looks at four pillars: beliefs and religion, arts (literature, music, painting, buildings), knowledge (education, science, technology) and daily life (food, clothing, family, festivals, leisure). Historians use sources such as objects, buildings, books, paintings and letters. Culture changes when ideas are exchanged along trade routes and through travel, missions and migration, as with paper, numerals and faiths. New technologies like printing, newspapers, radio and the internet made knowledge spread faster, and mass schooling raised world literacy from about 12% in 1820 to about 87% today. In every country the same pattern repeats: national schools, universities, science societies, writers and artists shape a people's identity.
4. Joseon
Confucian governance · Rise of the Sarim · Early Joseon culture · Japanese and Manchu invasions
- The Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) – Joseon was the Korean kingdom that lasted from 1392 to 1910, about 518 years. It was built as a Confucian state: a king, six ministries, watchdog offices and an exam to pick officials. It survived Japanese (1592) and Manchu (1627, 1636) invasions, repaired itself with tax reform and practical learning, and then weakened under in-law rule and peasant unrest.
- Cultural History: How People's Ideas, Arts and Ways of Life Change – Cultural history is the part of history that studies how people thought, believed, created and lived, not only what kings and armies did. It looks at four pillars: beliefs and religion, arts (literature, music, painting, buildings), knowledge (education, science, technology) and daily life (food, clothing, family, festivals, leisure). Historians use sources such as objects, buildings, books, paintings and letters. Culture changes when ideas are exchanged along trade routes and through travel, missions and migration, as with paper, numerals and faiths. New technologies like printing, newspapers, radio and the internet made knowledge spread faster, and mass schooling raised world literacy from about 12% in 1820 to about 87% today. In every country the same pattern repeats: national schools, universities, science societies, writers and artists shape a people's identity.
5. Late Joseon change
Late Joseon politics · Peasant uprisings · New learning and arts · Social change
- The Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) – Joseon was the Korean kingdom that lasted from 1392 to 1910, about 518 years. It was built as a Confucian state: a king, six ministries, watchdog offices and an exam to pick officials. It survived Japanese (1592) and Manchu (1627, 1636) invasions, repaired itself with tax reform and practical learning, and then weakened under in-law rule and peasant unrest.
- Cultural History: How People's Ideas, Arts and Ways of Life Change – Cultural history is the part of history that studies how people thought, believed, created and lived, not only what kings and armies did. It looks at four pillars: beliefs and religion, arts (literature, music, painting, buildings), knowledge (education, science, technology) and daily life (food, clothing, family, festivals, leisure). Historians use sources such as objects, buildings, books, paintings and letters. Culture changes when ideas are exchanged along trade routes and through travel, missions and migration, as with paper, numerals and faiths. New technologies like printing, newspapers, radio and the internet made knowledge spread faster, and mass schooling raised world literacy from about 12% in 1820 to about 87% today. In every country the same pattern repeats: national schools, universities, science societies, writers and artists shape a people's identity.
- Social History: How Ordinary People Lived – Social history studies the lives of ordinary people, not only kings, wars and treaties. It asks how people worked, lived, ate, dressed, married, worshipped, fell ill and had fun, and how society was divided into groups. Before modern times most societies were shaped like a pyramid: a small group of rulers and nobles, priests and rich families, a middle layer of townspeople, merchants and craftsmen, and a huge base of peasants, with some unfree people such as serfs or slaves. Villages ran their own communities; towns were places of markets, guilds and mixing between groups. Industrialisation moved people from farms to factories, created a working class and a growing middle class, and led to unions, new laws and later welfare states. Daily life changed with new light, transport, newspapers, schools and medicine. Social historians also look for 'hidden' people (women, the poor, minorities, migrants) and even at how feelings and customs changed.
6. Modern and contemporary Korea
Nation-building efforts · Colonial economy and independence · Democratisation · Unification efforts
- Paths to Modernisation: Japan, China and Korea – Japan, China and Korea all became modern, but by different paths. Japan, opened by US ships in 1853, began the Meiji reforms in 1868: railways, factories, schools and a strong army under the emperor. It then grew into an empire, fought the Second World War and was defeated in 1945. Under US occupation it got a peaceful constitution and rebuilt into a rich country (1964 Olympics). China ended the rule of emperors in 1911 under Sun Yat-sen; after years of civil war and Japanese invasion Mao's Communist Party won in 1949. Mao's Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution hurt the economy. From 1978 Deng Xiaoping opened markets under the Four Modernisations, and China grew fast. Korea was a Japanese colony (1910–45), was split in two and suffered a war (1950–53); South Korea then grew through export factories and became a democracy in 1987.
- Independence Movements: From Colonial Rule to a Free State – An independence movement is the long effort of a people to end outside rule and build their own state. It usually grows in stages: anger at unfair rule, mass peaceful protest, a leadership (sometimes in exile), pressure from other countries, and sometimes armed struggle. Korea (1919-1945), India (to 1947) and Ghana (1957) show different paths to the same goal.
- Democratisation – Democratisation is the process by which a country moves from authoritarian rule to democracy. It usually follows stages: an authoritarian regime; rising pressure from protests, economic crisis and the outside world; negotiation or a break with the old rulers; founding free elections; and consolidation, when courts, a free press, civil society and peaceful changes of government make democracy stable. South Korea (April Revolution 1960, Gwangju 1980, June Struggle 1987, peaceful handover 1997) and Poland (Solidarity 1980, martial law 1981, Round Table and June elections 1989, reforms and free elections by 1991) are two clear cases. The road is not straight: it can stall or go backwards.
- Peace Education: How People Build Lasting Peace – Peace is more than 'no war'. Negative peace means no fighting. Positive peace means fairness, trust and a good life for all. Violence can be direct (hitting, war), structural (unfair rules that keep people poor) or cultural (ideas that make harm look normal). Thinkers gave us tools: Mozi taught equal care for all and opposed attacking wars; Kant said fair governments, a league of free states and kindness to visitors can make peace last; Gandhi showed non-violent resistance. Conflicts are solved step by step: cool down, listen, find needs, think of options, agree. After division or war, reconciliation is built like a bridge: talks, truth, apology, trade, family meetings and shared projects. Germany (1990) and South Africa's truth commission are examples; divided peoples such as on the Korean peninsula still discuss how peaceful unification could happen.