South 고등학교 3학년 World Geography
Chapters: 8
1. Globalisation and regions
Globalisation and localisation · Old world maps · World regions
- Globalisation and Global Governance – Globalisation is the growth of flows of goods, capital, information and labour that tie places together. Technology, transport and trade deals drive it. The flows are unequal: rich economies hold more power, poorer ones have weaker market access. TNCs spread production of one product across many places. Agencies like the UN, WTO, IMF and World Bank try to govern these flows, and treaties protect global commons such as Antarctica. Globalisation brings growth and cheaper goods but also inequality, conflict and environmental harm.
- Old Maps and Worldviews: How People Saw the Land – An old map is not a mistake-filled modern map. It is a picture of what its makers knew and believed. Early maps began as local sketches. Round maps placed the maker’s own region at the centre and often put east or south at the top. Grid ideas (latitude and longitude) let places be measured. Many cultures also read land through belief, such as feng shui: hill behind, water in front. Reading old maps means asking who made them, why, and how they saw the world.
- Regional Geography: How We Divide the World into Regions – A region is an area that shares one or more features, which makes it different from the areas around it. Formal (uniform) regions are alike inside, like a plain or a rice-growing belt. Functional (nodal) regions are held together by links to a centre, like a city and the villages that travel to it. Perceptual regions exist in people's minds. Region edges are usually transition zones, and regions depend on each other through flows of people, goods, water and ideas.
2. Natural environment and life
Climate factors and elements · Temperate climates · Dry and cold climates · Landform processes · Protected landscapes
- Climate Zones of the World – Climate is the average weather of a place over about 30 years. It depends mainly on latitude (how high the Sun climbs), altitude (about 6.5 °C cooler per km up), distance from the sea, winds and ocean currents. Using these, the Köppen system sorts the world into five groups: A tropical, B dry, C temperate, D continental and E polar, plus highland climates on high mountains. Monsoon climates have winds that change direction with the seasons.
- Major Landforms and How They Form – Landforms are the natural shapes of the land: mountains, volcanoes, plains, valleys, deltas, beaches and caves. Forces from inside the Earth (plate movement, volcanoes) build them up. Forces from outside (rain, rivers, waves, wind, ice) wear them down and move the pieces. People choose where to live and work according to these landforms.
- World Heritage Sites – A World Heritage Site is a place so important to all humanity that the whole world agrees to protect it. Sites can be cultural, natural, mixed or industrial heritage. They must have outstanding universal value, be authentic and have a protection plan. Threats include war, pollution, building and too many visitors.
3. Human environment
Religions and landscapes · Demographic transition · World cities · Food resources · Energy resources
- The World Population: Distribution, Density and Growth – People are not spread evenly on Earth. Most live on fertile plains near water; few live in deserts, high mountains or icy lands. Density tells how many people live on each square km. Geographical, economic and social factors explain the pattern. The world grew slowly for thousands of years and then very fast after 1800. Population changes through births, deaths and migration. The demographic transition theory shows how birth and death rates fall as a society moves from rural farming to urban industry. Countries use family planning and health care to control growth.
- Urbanisation: Why Cities Grow and How to Make Them Work – Urbanisation is the rise in the share of a country's or the world's people who live in towns and cities. In 1950 about 30% of the world was urban; since 2007 more than half is, and about 68% is expected by 2050. Cities grow by rural–urban migration (push factors from the countryside, pull factors to the city) and by natural increase. Today the fastest growth is in lower-income and newly emerging countries of Asia and Africa, where megacities of 10 million or more are forming; in many rich countries growth is slow and people also move out to suburbs (suburbanisation and counter-urbanisation). Fast growth brings opportunities (jobs, services) and problems (informal housing, traffic, pollution, waste, flooding, the urban heat island). Sustainable urban development tries to fix these with public transport, green spaces, clean water, recycling, affordable housing and renewable energy.
- Food Security: Feeding Everyone, Every Day – Food security means every person, at all times, can get enough safe and nutritious food for an active, healthy life. It rests on four pillars: availability (food is produced or imported), access (people can afford and reach it), use (good nutrition, clean water, safe cooking) and stability (supply does not collapse in bad years). Food supply is uneven across the world. Demand keeps rising with population, incomes and changing diets, while climate change, water shortage, soil loss, conflict and waste limit supply. Food insecurity causes hunger, malnutrition, high prices, migration and unrest. Supply can be raised by irrigation, better seeds, new technology and cutting waste, but long-term answers must also be sustainable and fair.
- Natural Resources – Natural resources are useful things we take from nature: sunlight, wind, water, soil, forests, minerals, oil, gas and coal. Renewable resources come back in a human lifetime; non-renewable ones took millions of years to form and run out when used. Resources are spread unevenly because they form only where certain geological processes happened in the past (old seas, volcanoes, mountain building). Using them brings benefits such as energy, jobs and materials, but also costs such as pollution, habitat loss and hazards, so societies weigh costs against benefits and try to use them sustainably.
4. Monsoon Asia and Oceania
Monsoon livelihoods · Industry and urban change · Regional cooperation
- Climate Zones of the World – Climate is the average weather of a place over about 30 years. It depends mainly on latitude (how high the Sun climbs), altitude (about 6.5 °C cooler per km up), distance from the sea, winds and ocean currents. Using these, the Köppen system sorts the world into five groups: A tropical, B dry, C temperate, D continental and E polar, plus highland climates on high mountains. Monsoon climates have winds that change direction with the seasons.
- Economic Geography: Where Things Are Made and How They Move – Economic geography studies where people produce, trade and consume, and why. Work is grouped into sectors: primary (farming, fishing, mining), secondary (factories, building) and tertiary (shops, transport, banks, software, tourism); a quaternary sector of research and information is sometimes added. Firms choose places that cut costs and reach buyers: raw materials, energy, transport, workers, markets, government support and nature all matter. Most products are now made in global value chains, with steps spread over many places; value grows most at design, branding and sale. Multinational firms and public actors (states, regions, cities) shape these spaces. Goods move in containers and trucks, while money, data and ideas flow through cables. Production crowds into big cities (metropolises) and coasts, and places compete to attract firms. Old industrial regions restructure, sometimes shrinking and sometimes turning to new industries and services.
- Regional Integration – Regional integration is when neighbouring countries join hands step by step: they trade with fewer taxes, share one market, and sometimes one currency and rules. Examples are the EU, ASEAN, USMCA and the African Continental Free Trade Area. It brings cheaper goods and peace, but countries give up some control.
5. Dry Asia and North Africa
Life in dry lands · Resources and industry · Desertification
- Cultural Geography: How Places Shape Culture and Culture Shapes Places – Cultural geography studies how human culture differs from place to place and how it spreads. Culture is a group's shared way of life: language, religion, food, clothing, buildings, art and festivals. People change the land to fit their culture, making a cultural landscape. The natural environment, especially climate and nearness to the sea, influences homes, food and clothing, though people also use technology and choice. Areas with similar traits form culture regions. Cultures start in hearths and spread by diffusion: relocation (people move) or expansion (the idea moves), which can be contagious, hierarchical or stimulus. Diffusion can lead to acculturation, assimilation, syncretism and, today, globalisation.
- Natural Resources – Natural resources are useful things we take from nature: sunlight, wind, water, soil, forests, minerals, oil, gas and coal. Renewable resources come back in a human lifetime; non-renewable ones took millions of years to form and run out when used. Resources are spread unevenly because they form only where certain geological processes happened in the past (old seas, volcanoes, mountain building). Using them brings benefits such as energy, jobs and materials, but also costs such as pollution, habitat loss and hazards, so societies weigh costs against benefits and try to use them sustainably.
- Desertification – Desertification is when good land in dry areas slowly loses its plants and soil and becomes like a desert. It is caused by people (overgrazing, cutting trees, over-farming, poor irrigation) and by nature (drought, rising heat). It does not mean deserts "moving". It brings hunger, dust storms and migration. It can be slowed by planting trees and grass, grazing fewer animals, saving water and fixing sand with checkerboards.
6. Europe and North America
Industry and economic change · Urban structure · Regional integration and change
- Economic Geography: Where Things Are Made and How They Move – Economic geography studies where people produce, trade and consume, and why. Work is grouped into sectors: primary (farming, fishing, mining), secondary (factories, building) and tertiary (shops, transport, banks, software, tourism); a quaternary sector of research and information is sometimes added. Firms choose places that cut costs and reach buyers: raw materials, energy, transport, workers, markets, government support and nature all matter. Most products are now made in global value chains, with steps spread over many places; value grows most at design, branding and sale. Multinational firms and public actors (states, regions, cities) shape these spaces. Goods move in containers and trucks, while money, data and ideas flow through cables. Production crowds into big cities (metropolises) and coasts, and places compete to attract firms. Old industrial regions restructure, sometimes shrinking and sometimes turning to new industries and services.
- Urbanisation: Why Cities Grow and How to Make Them Work – Urbanisation is the rise in the share of a country's or the world's people who live in towns and cities. In 1950 about 30% of the world was urban; since 2007 more than half is, and about 68% is expected by 2050. Cities grow by rural–urban migration (push factors from the countryside, pull factors to the city) and by natural increase. Today the fastest growth is in lower-income and newly emerging countries of Asia and Africa, where megacities of 10 million or more are forming; in many rich countries growth is slow and people also move out to suburbs (suburbanisation and counter-urbanisation). Fast growth brings opportunities (jobs, services) and problems (informal housing, traffic, pollution, waste, flooding, the urban heat island). Sustainable urban development tries to fix these with public transport, green spaces, clean water, recycling, affordable housing and renewable energy.
- Regional Integration – Regional integration is when neighbouring countries join hands step by step: they trade with fewer taxes, share one market, and sometimes one currency and rules. Examples are the EU, ASEAN, USMCA and the African Continental Free Trade Area. It brings cheaper goods and peace, but countries give up some control.
7. Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America
Urbanisation and cities · Resources and development · Regional issues
- Urbanisation: Why Cities Grow and How to Make Them Work – Urbanisation is the rise in the share of a country's or the world's people who live in towns and cities. In 1950 about 30% of the world was urban; since 2007 more than half is, and about 68% is expected by 2050. Cities grow by rural–urban migration (push factors from the countryside, pull factors to the city) and by natural increase. Today the fastest growth is in lower-income and newly emerging countries of Asia and Africa, where megacities of 10 million or more are forming; in many rich countries growth is slow and people also move out to suburbs (suburbanisation and counter-urbanisation). Fast growth brings opportunities (jobs, services) and problems (informal housing, traffic, pollution, waste, flooding, the urban heat island). Sustainable urban development tries to fix these with public transport, green spaces, clean water, recycling, affordable housing and renewable energy.
- Development Geography: Why Places Are Rich or Poor – Development means people living better lives: more income, better health, more schooling and more freedom. We measure it with indicators such as GNI per person, life expectancy and years at school, and with the Human Development Index (HDI, 0 to 1), which joins all three. Development is uneven: rich cores and poorer peripheries exist between world regions and inside one country. Where rich and poor areas touch, there are strong contrasts and flows of workers, goods, factories and money, with both good and bad effects. There is no single model of development: countries have grown through export factories, services, or mines and farming, each with risks.
8. Coexistence and peace
Economic globalisation effects · Global environmental cooperation · Peace and justice
- Globalisation and Global Governance – Globalisation is the growth of flows of goods, capital, information and labour that tie places together. Technology, transport and trade deals drive it. The flows are unequal: rich economies hold more power, poorer ones have weaker market access. TNCs spread production of one product across many places. Agencies like the UN, WTO, IMF and World Bank try to govern these flows, and treaties protect global commons such as Antarctica. Globalisation brings growth and cheaper goods but also inequality, conflict and environmental harm.
- Climate Policy: How the World Acts on Climate Change – Climate policy is the set of agreements, laws and plans that cut greenhouse gas emissions (mitigation) and help people cope with a changing climate (adaptation). Because the atmosphere is shared, no country can solve the problem alone, so countries cooperate through the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992), the Kyoto Protocol (1997) and the Paris Agreement (2015). Under Paris, every country sets its own target (an NDC) and raises it every five years, aiming to keep warming well below 2 °C and to try for 1.5 °C. At home, governments use carbon taxes, cap-and-trade, rules and standards, and support for clean energy. Many have set net-zero (carbon-neutral) targets: by a set year, any gas still emitted is balanced by gas removed. Fairness matters: richer countries emitted most in the past, so the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, climate finance and technology sharing help poorer countries develop cleanly.
- Global Justice: Fair Trade, Aid and Reducing Inequality – Global justice asks what is fair between countries and between people across the world. Incomes are very unequal. Fair trade gives producers a fair price, and development aid (ODA) helps poorer countries build schools, health and jobs. Real justice also needs peace, honest rules and a say for poorer countries.