South 고등학교 2학년 Sport Science

Chapters: 2

1. Sport and social science

Sport and social science · Psychology in play · Applying psych-social theories

Sports Psychology: The Mind Behind the Performance – Sports psychology studies how the mind affects play. Personality shapes how we like to train. Motivation is the fuel: from inside (fun) or outside (prizes). Arousal is how "switched on" you are: too little or too much hurts, the middle is best (inverted U). Anxiety is worry; breathing, imagery and positive self-talk calm it. SMART goals give a clear ladder. Aggression must be controlled, and teams work best when everyone pulls together.

Sport and natural science · Physiology in play · Applying physiology and mechanics

Exercise Physiology – Exercise physiology studies how the body works during and after physical activity. When we exercise, working muscles need more ATP and oxygen, so heart rate, stroke volume, breathing rate and depth rise. ATP is remade by three energy systems: ATP-PC (about 10 s), anaerobic glycolysis (up to about 2 min, makes lactate) and aerobic (long efforts, uses oxygen). Cardiac output = heart rate × stroke volume. Regular training strengthens the heart, lungs, muscles and bones; ageing slowly reduces these, but exercise slows the decline.
Sports Biomechanics – Biomechanics is the physics of the moving body. Movement happens in three planes (sagittal, frontal, transverse) around three axes. Bones, joints and muscles work as levers: a pivot, an effort and a load. Most body levers are third class: they give little force but fast, wide movement. Newton's three laws explain starting, speeding up and pushing off the ground; friction gives grip. Stability depends on the centre of gravity, the base of support and the line of gravity. Turning movements follow the same ideas: torque starts a spin, and with no outside torque angular momentum stays the same, so pulling the arms in makes you spin faster. A thrown ball, javelin or jumper is a projectile: speed, angle and release height set the distance. Air and water push back with drag; spin and shape can create lift (the Magnus effect).