South 고등학교 2학년 Robots and the Engineering World
Chapters: 3
1. Understanding robots
Robot components · Hardware and software · Uses of robots · AI robots
- Robotics: How Robots Sense, Think and Act – A robot is a machine that senses the world, decides what to do with a program, and acts with motors. It has a body (structure), sensors, a controller, actuators, a transmission such as gears, and a power supply. Robots help in factories, hospitals, farms, homes and space.
- Artificial Intelligence: How Machines Learn to Think – Artificial intelligence (AI) is the skill of a computer system to do tasks that normally need human thinking: seeing, understanding speech, deciding and learning. An AI system is an agent that senses, thinks and acts. Old AI followed rules written by people. Modern AI mostly uses machine learning: it finds its own rule from many labelled examples (data). Neural networks are layers of simple units whose link strengths (weights) change during training. AI is used in maps, translation, health, farming and games. It can be wrong or unfair when its data is one-sided (bias), so people must check it, protect privacy and stay responsible.
2. Engineering fields and robots
Manufacturing engineering · Construction engineering · Bio and environmental engineering · Energy and transport engineering · ICT and AI engineering · Other engineering fields · Robots across engineering
- What Is Engineering? – Engineering is using science, maths and creativity to design and build useful things that solve real problems within limits of cost, safety, time and materials. Engineers follow a design process loop: identify the problem, research, generate ideas, build a prototype, test, and improve. From ancient irrigation and roads to today's chips and vaccines, engineering shaped civilisation. Its main branches are civil, mechanical, electrical, chemical, computer and biomedical, and modern problems join many of them together (convergent or STEAM engineering).
- Construction Technology: How Buildings Are Planned and Built – Construction technology is the knowledge of how to plan, build, finish and look after structures. A building has a foundation, a frame (columns and beams), walls and a roof. Every load (dead load of the building itself, live load of people and furniture, wind and snow) must travel down a clear load path to the soil. Concrete is strong in compression, steel in tension, so reinforced concrete uses both. Builders work from scale drawings (plan, elevation, section), use maths to find areas and volumes, follow building codes for safety, and fit systems for water, power and air.
- Transport Technology: Moving People and Goods – Transport technology moves people and goods from place to place. Every transport system has five parts: a vehicle, a way (road, rail, sea lane, air route), terminals (stations, ports, airports), a power source and a control system. Land vehicles push on the ground using friction. Ships float because water pushes up (buoyancy). Planes fly when lift beats weight and thrust beats drag. Rockets push gas backwards and are pushed forwards. Engines turn fuel or electricity into motion; electric motors waste less energy. Safety depends on stopping distance = thinking distance + braking distance. Future transport aims to be cleaner, safer and smarter: electric and hydrogen vehicles, maglev trains, drones and self-driving cars.
- Robotics: How Robots Sense, Think and Act – A robot is a machine that senses the world, decides what to do with a program, and acts with motors. It has a body (structure), sensors, a controller, actuators, a transmission such as gears, and a power supply. Robots help in factories, hospitals, farms, homes and space.
3. Robotics project
Planning a robot project · Design process · Parts and materials · Building and programming · Testing and improving · Demonstrating and sharing
- The Design Process: From Problem to Product – The design process is a loop of steps designers use to solve a real problem for real people: investigate the need, define it in a brief and a measurable specification, generate many ideas, build a prototype, then test and evaluate it against the specification. Whatever fails sends you back round the loop. This repeating is called iteration, and it is how almost every product, app, building and artwork is improved.
- Robotics: How Robots Sense, Think and Act – A robot is a machine that senses the world, decides what to do with a program, and acts with motors. It has a body (structure), sensors, a controller, actuators, a transmission such as gears, and a power supply. Robots help in factories, hospitals, farms, homes and space.
- Science Communication: Sharing and Judging Scientific Results – Science communication means sharing findings clearly and honestly, and judging what others claim. Fit the message to the audience without changing the facts. Reports and posters follow an order: question, method, results, conclusion with limits, references. Graphs need titles, labelled axes and units. In demonstrations and exhibitions, show the idea in action and invite questions. In the media, claims often grow bigger than the evidence, and everyday words like theory mean something different in science. Check the source, the evidence, the sample size and whether others confirmed it.