Direct और reported speech
Direct speech असली शब्द दोहराती है: Ravi said, "I am tired today." बोले गए शब्द उद्धरण-चिह्न में होते हैं।
Reported speech (indirect speech) वही बात अपने वाक्य में बताती है, बिना उद्धरण-चिह्न: Ravi said that he was tired that day.
कहने वाली क्रिया (said, told, asked) वाला हिस्सा reporting clause है। बोला हुआ हिस्सा reported clause है। जोड़ने वाला शब्द (that, if, whether, where) connective है।
Statement में चार बदलाव
- Connective: that लगाओ (बोलचाल में छोड़ भी सकते हैं)।
- Pronoun: रिपोर्ट करने वाले के हिसाब से बदलो। "I" → he/she, "my" → his/her, "we" → they।
- Tense backshift: अगर कहने वाली क्रिया past है (said), तो क्रिया एक कदम पीछे जाती है।
- समय और जगह के शब्द बदलते हैं।
| Direct | Reported |
|---|---|
| am / is / are | was / were |
| plays (simple present) | played |
| is playing | was playing |
| has played | had played |
| played | had played |
| will / can / may / must | would / could / might / had to |
| Direct | Reported |
|---|---|
| today, tonight | that day, that night |
| tomorrow | the next day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| now | then |
| here, this | there, that |
| ago | before |
Backshift नहीं चाहिए जब कहने वाली क्रिया present हो (He says that he is tired) या बात हमेशा सच हो (She said the Earth moves round the Sun)।
सवाल और आदेश
सवाल: asked लगाओ और सवाल को statement के क्रम में लिखो (do/does नहीं, प्रश्न-चिह्न नहीं)। प्रश्न-शब्द वाले सवाल में वही शब्द जोड़ने का काम करता है: "Where do you live?" → She asked where I lived. हाँ/ना वाले सवाल में if या whether: "Are you tired?" → She asked if I was tired.
आदेश और विनती: told, asked, ordered, requested + व्यक्ति + to + क्रिया: "Open your book." → The teacher told Ravi to open his book. निषेध: "Don't run." → He told us not to run.
दूसरी कहने वाली क्रियाएँ भाव भी बताती हैं: advised, warned, promised, suggested, admitted।
Free indirect speech और modality
Free indirect speech में कहानी पात्र के विचार और लेखक की आवाज़ को मिला देती है, बिना said that के: Ravi looked at the clock. He was so tired! Why did the day have to be so long? यहाँ tense और pronoun reported speech वाले हैं, पर विस्मय और सवाल direct speech जैसा एहसास बचाए रखते हैं।
Modality (can, must, may, should, would) रिपोर्ट में बदलती है: can → could, must → had to, will → would। should, would, could, might जैसे शब्द वैसे ही रहते हैं।
संवाद लिखना: अंग्रेज़ी में उद्धरण-चिह्न लगते हैं। फ़्रेंच और यूक्रेनी पाठों में आम तौर पर guillemets («…») या हर बोलने वाले की पंक्ति की शुरुआत में डैश लगता है, पर direct और reported speech का विचार वही है।
मुख्य सूत्र और परिभाषाएँ
- Statement: said + (that) + clause, tense एक कदम पीछे
- हाँ/ना सवाल: asked + if/whether + subject + verb (statement क्रम)
- Wh-सवाल: asked + प्रश्न-शब्द + subject + verb
- आदेश: told/asked + व्यक्ति + (not) to + verb
- समय के शब्द: today → that day, tomorrow → the next day, yesterday → the day before, now → then, here → there
हल किए गए उदाहरण
1. Report करो: Meena said, "I like mangoes."
Meena said that she liked mangoes.
2. Report करो: He said, "We are playing cricket."
He said that they were playing cricket.
3. Report करो: Ravi said, "I will call you tomorrow."
Ravi said that he would call me the next day.
4. Report करो: She asked, "Have you finished your homework?"
She asked if I had finished my homework.
5. Report करो: The teacher said, "Don't talk in class."
The teacher told us not to talk in class.
6. Report करो: "The Earth goes round the Sun," the teacher said.
The teacher said that the Earth goes round the Sun. (हमेशा सच बात है, इसलिए tense पीछे नहीं जाता।)
आम गलतियाँ
- सवाल का क्रम वैसा ही रखना: "She asked where I lived" कहो, "She asked where did I live" नहीं।
- Pronoun और समय का शब्द बदलना भूल जाना।
- Reported सवाल के बाद प्रश्न-चिह्न लगाना।
- आदेश के लिए "said to" लगाना: told, asked या ordered लगाओ।