Germany Jahrgangsstufe 10 Geography
Chapters: 7
1. Geographic working techniques
Geographic skills
- Map Skills: Reading and Using Maps – A map is a flat, scaled-down view of a place from directly above. To read one you need: the key (symbols), the scale (to measure distance), direction (compass points and bearings), grid references (to find and give a location) and contour lines (to see height and slope). Today GPS finds our position from satellites, and GIS stacks many map layers of data on a computer to answer questions about places.
2. Living in One World
Living in One World: development
- Development – Development means different things to different people: more income, but also equality, freedom, security and respect. Countries are compared by per capita income, but averages hide inequality, so we also look at health and education. The Human Development Index combines these. Development must also be sustainable, so resources last for future generations.
3. Tropical and arid subtropical climate zones
Climate and vegetation zones of tropics and subtropics
- Biomes and Forests: Life on Earth – A biome is a large region with a similar climate, plants and animals, like tundra, taiga, grassland, desert, savanna and tropical rainforest. Rain and temperature decide which biome forms. India protects special areas as biosphere reserves, which have a core, buffer and transition zone. Forest dwellers depend on forests and know how to use them without harming them; ecotourism can give them income. We conserve forests and wildlife through national parks, sanctuaries, laws and people's movements like Chipko, and we must prevent forest fires.
4. Climate change
Changing climate
- Climate Change and the Greenhouse Effect – Climate is the average weather of a place over about 30 years. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane trap some of the heat the Earth gives off. Humans have added a lot more of these gases by burning fossil fuels and cutting forests, so the Earth is warming. This causes melting ice, rising seas and more extreme weather. We can cut emissions (mitigation) and prepare for changes (adaptation).
5. North Africa and Middle East geopolitics
North Africa and the Middle East
- Regional Geography: How We Divide the World into Regions – A region is an area that shares one or more features, which makes it different from the areas around it. Formal (uniform) regions are alike inside, like a plain or a rice-growing belt. Functional (nodal) regions are held together by links to a centre, like a city and the villages that travel to it. Perceptual regions exist in people's minds. Region edges are usually transition zones, and regions depend on each other through flows of people, goods, water and ideas.
6. Development in sub-Saharan Africa
Development in Sub-Saharan Africa
- Development – Development means different things to different people: more income, but also equality, freedom, security and respect. Countries are compared by per capita income, but averages hide inequality, so we also look at health and education. The Human Development Index combines these. Development must also be sustainable, so resources last for future generations.
7. Development in Latin America and Caribbean
Latin America and Caribbean: development challenges
- Development – Development means different things to different people: more income, but also equality, freedom, security and respect. Countries are compared by per capita income, but averages hide inequality, so we also look at health and education. The Human Development Index combines these. Development must also be sustainable, so resources last for future generations.